※ [1강(목적) 1번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Your generous donations have made such a difference in the lives of little children who have been stricken with cancer. They might not know your names, but we know that many of our patients can run around in the sunshine now, happy and carefree, because of you. Now, as cancer research has progressed, we have the opportunity to introduce an exciting and newly proven treatment that promises to save even more young lives. To get this treatment up and running this year, we are hoping that you would consider supporting us with $10,000. To meet this need, we ask that you make an initial donation of half that amount followed by a final donation by the end of November. We know that you will find your greatest reward in the knowledge that you have blessed countless young lives. We thank you once again for all you have done in the past, and appreciate your consideration of this new request.

윗글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

⑤

[해설] ① 암 치료를 진행할 허가을 요청하기 위해서

② 암 연구기금에 대한 접근을 허가하기 위해서

③ 암 치료의 일정을 알리기 위해서

④ 기부에 대한 후원에 감사하기 위해서

⑤ 아픈 아이들을 위해 지정된 지불을 요청하기 위해서 ->암 연구의 진전으로 새롭게 입증된 암 치료법의 시행을 위해 기부해 줄 것을 요청하는 내용이므로 ⑤이 가장 적절하다.

① to request for the permission to proceed cancer treatment

② to allow access to the cancer research fund

③ to inform of the schedule of the cancer treatment

④ to appreciate the support of the members for their donations

⑤ to ask for the designated payment for ill children

※ [2강(심경) 1번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

In the evenings, clutching cups of tea and plates of supper, we would gather in the chintz armchairs in the sitting room. Always (A) [keep / keeping] a wary eye on the overweight, but ever-hungry dogs and our supper, we would settle down to talk well into the night. I learnt a lot of my family’s history (B) [while / during] those long summer evenings. As daylight faded from the sky, the lamps in the room would be turned on, and the gas fire would be lit. The four of us would sit (C) [to talk / talking], and I would ask so many questions that even Daphne, with her sharp memory and fund of family stories, could not always answer them. Then, some time after midnight, with the two dogs gently snoring in their favourite armchairs, we would yawningly creep up to our beds.

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

④

[해설] A: 분사구문 (부사절)

B: 명사구, 전치사 필요

C: 분사구문 (~하면서)

① (A) keeping … (B) while … (C) talking

② (A) keep … (B) during … (C) to talk

③ (A) keeping … (B) while … (C) to talk

④ (A) keeping … (B) during … (C) talking

⑤ (A) keep … (B) during … (C) talking

윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

③

[해설] 내가 매우 많은 질문을 해서, 뛰어난 기억력과 축적된 가족 이야깃거리의 소유자인 Daphne조차도 항상 대답해 줄 수는 없곤 했다.

① 찻잔과 저녁식사 접시를 손에 든 채 친츠천을 씌운 거실 안락의자에 앉아 모임을 가졌다.

② 우리의 개들은 과체중이면서도 늘 배고파하였다.

③ 내가 매우 많은 질문을 했지만, 똑똑한 Daphne를 제외하고는 대답하지 못하였다.

④ 긴 여름 저녁 시간에 이야기를 나누며 가족사에 관해 많은 것을 알 수 있었다.

⑤ 두 마리의 개가 각각의 안락의자에서 잠을 청하였다.

※ [2강(심경) 3번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

When I started to spend time in the region, I began hearing stories about sea otters. These days, the otters aren’t so few and far between. In fact, when I confessed my lifelong dream of someday seeing a sea otter, people almost laughed at me! There are lots, I was told, along the outer coast. Finally, my moment came. I was on a small boat and there they were, their dark heads sticking out above the white water where the waves were crashing up against the rocky coastline. They weren’t close, and the rough waves made it hard to see, but in that moment I knew what it was to have a dream come true. It was a reminder that things can change, that species can recover, and that I could let go of some of the concern for the otters that I’d been holding inside since I was a girl.

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

③

[해설] 해달을 만나는 것이 일생의 꿈인 필자가 실제로 해달을 만나 꿈이 이루어지는 흥분을 담고 있는 글이다. 따라서 ③ 내가 희망해왔던 해달과의 첫 만남이 가장 적절하다.

① 해달에 대한 걱정 떨치기

② 사람들이 비웃었던 일생의 꿈

④ 해달을 보기 위해 내가 겪었던 고초

⑤ 멸종위기에 처한 종이 회복하여 번창하다

① Relieving the Worries I Had of See Otters

② The Lifelong Dream People Laughed at

③ The First Encounter with Sea Otters I Had Been Hoping

④ The Trouble I Had to Go through to See Sea Otters

⑤ An Endangered Speices Bouncing Back to Thrive

※ [3강(요지) 1번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Three-year-olds don’t have to deal with the same rules and realities adults do. Because of that, children tend to be more (A) [imaginary / imaginative] and creative with their ideas. They see possibilities where the rest of us see rules, boundaries, or impossibilities. That’s (B) [why / because] they’re famous for writing on walls — you see a perfectly painted living room that shouldn’t be touched; they see a blank canvas. Even if it’s just for 30 minutes, seeing life from the angle of a semi-careless child can give you a new perspective on how you spend your time and deal with household problems or work challenges. For that reason alone, it’s (C) [valuable / valueless] to imagine yourself acting as you would if you were just a child: free-spirited, boundless, uncontrollably creative, and unafraid to try new things.

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

①

① (A) imaginative … (B) why … (C) valuable

② (A) imaginary … (B) because … (C) valuable

③ (A) imaginary … (B) because … (C) valuable

④ (A) imaginative … (B) why … (C) valueless

⑤ (A) imaginary … (B) why … (C) valueless

※ [3강(요지) 4번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

While we usually think negatively of deviance, it actually can prove functional in a society. Any hostility toward deviants promotes behavioral conformity with social expectations. It strengthens group identity by (A) [separating / separation] the nonconforming from the well-behaved members centering on an agreement on the norms. We may be familiar with the phrase “the exception makes the rule.” Deviance shows us the boundary, or line, that must not be crossed, highlighting not only the importance of the norm but (B) [its / their] relative permissible zone for behavior. For example, if there is a rule that “food is not permitted in the classroom:’ a person with the candy bar or bag of chips might not be admonished by the teacher; yet a person arriving to class with a fast-food meal experiences rebuke and ejection. Others in the class now know where the line is drawn and can adjust their patterns of behavior (C) [accordingly / accordance].

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

②

[해설] A: 목적어를 받을 수 있는 동명사 필요

B: boundary (단수)

C: accordingly = in accordance

① (A) separation … (B) their … (C) accordingly

② (A) separating … (B) its … (C) accordingly

③ (A) separating … (B) their … (C) accordance

④ (A) separation … (B) its … (C) accordance

⑤ (A) separation … (B) its … (C) accordingly

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

④

[해설] 일탈의 행위는 공동체의 다른 멤버들에게 어떤 것이 허용가능한지에 대한 기준을 제시한다는 점에서 사회에 결속(단결)을 제공할 수 있다.

consolation = 위안 / exception = 예외 / hospitality = 환대

While we usually think negatively of deviance, it actually can prove functional in a society. Any hostility toward deviants promotes behavioral conformity with social expectations. It strengthens group identity by separating the nonconforming from the well-behaved members centering on an agreement on the norms. We may be familiar with the phrase “the exception makes the rule.” Deviance shows us the boundary, or line, that must not be crossed, highlighting not only the importance of the norm but its relative permissible zone for behavior. For example, if there is a rule that “food is not permitted in the classroom:’ a person with the candy bar or bag of chips might not be admonished by the teacher; yet a person arriving to class with a fast-food meal experiences rebuke and ejection. Others in the class now know where the line is drawn and can adjust their patterns of behavior accordingly.

⇓

An act of deviance can bring ___(A)___ in a society in that it provides ___(B)___ in what is permissible for other members of the community.

① (A) solidarity  … (B) hostility

② (A) consolation … (B) hospitality

③ (A) exception … (B) norms

④ (A) solidarity  … (B) criteria

⑤ (A) exception … (B) criteria

※ [3강(요지) 6번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

If you have a new job. and you are going to resign from your current job, may I make a common sense suggestion? Unless there is a very special circumstance, I strongly suggest you not resign from your current job with only the verbal agreement or an informal email telling you that you have the future job. I get chills up my spine when people do this or even consider it. There is still that chance something unforeseen could happen between the verbal offer and 'actuality'. You should announce your intention to resign from the job only when you have in your possession a written and signed offer or employment contract, on company letterhead, with an accompanying start date for your new job. For me, this is as much an issue of common sense as suggesting you should look both ways before crossing a street.

윗글의 밑줄 친 'actuality'가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

①

[해설] 그 구두로 받은 제안과 '실제' 사이에서 뭔가 예기치 않은 것이 발생할 가능성이 여전히 있다. 여기서 실제란 현실이며, 언급하고 있는 현실은 제안 받은 새 고용주가 성공적으로 당신을 고용하는 것이다. 따라서 ③: 성공적인 이직이 가장 적절하다.

② 토론의 핵심을 놓치기

③ 현재 직장을 그만두는 자유를 누리기

④ 계약서를 받고 싸인 받기를 기다리는 것 ⑤ 새로운 고용주가 당신에게 제공된 자리를 철회하는 것

① successful change to the new job

② missing the point of the discussion

③ enjoying the freedom of leaving your current job

④ getting the contract and waiting for it to be signed

⑤ new employer withdrawing the position offered to you

※ [3강(요지) 7번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Whether you’re (A) [a wrestler planning / planning a wrestler] to win a league title next season, or a student with an entrepreneurial spirit who wants to start your own business and build a successful career, you need to plan the right steps. And don’t get caught up in thinking (B) [that / what] any success you experience as a student has no bearing on, or relationship to, future success in the “real” world. You are in the “real” world — your world. Success now breeds success later, even if the fields or venues change. Don’t discount what you might consider “small” successes. Michael Jordan’s first step to (C) [basketball success / succeed in basketball] was making his high school team after being cut earlier. Your successes — however great or small — in academics, social clubs, fine arts, or sports can pave the way to future success. What’s important at the moment is not how much you achieve, but how much you learn about the process of achieving. Because once you learn the process, you can apply it in the field or area of your choice, where you want to use the gifts you have.

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

⑤

[해설] A: 계획하고 있는 레슬링 선수 (수식)

B: 뒷문장 완전

C: to는 전치사

① (A) planning a wrestler … (B) what … (C) basketball success

② (A) planning a wrestler … (B) that … (C) succeed in basketball

③ (A) a wrestler planning … (B) what … (C) succeed in basketball

④ (A) a wrestler planning … (B) that … (C) succeed in basketball

⑤ (A) a wrestler planning … (B) that … (C) basketball success

※ [3강(요지) 7번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Whether you’re a wrestler planning to win a league title next season, or a student with an entrepreneurial spirit who wants to start your own business and build a successful career, you need to plan the right steps. And don’t get caught up in thinking that any success you experience as a student has no bearing on, or relationship to, future success in the “real” world. You are in the “real” world — your world. Success now breeds success later, even if the fields or venues change. Don’t discount what you might consider “small” successes. Michael Jordan’s first step to basketball success was making his high school team after being cut earlier. Your successes — however great or small — in academics, social clubs, fine arts, or sports can pave the way to future success. What’s important at the moment is not how much you achieve, but how much you learn about the process of achieving. Because once you learn the process, you can apply it in the field or area of your choice, where you want to use the gifts you have.

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

①

[해설] 학생으로서 현재 성취하는 성공은 미래의 성공과는 관계가 없다고 무시하지 말고, 그 작은 성공을 통해 성취 과정을 익혀서 나중에 선택한 분야나 영역에서 그 과정을 적용하라는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ① 성공: 누적되는 과정이 가장 적절하다.

② 모든 가능한 방법으로 책임감있게 행동하라

③ 포기하지 않는 것을 마이클 조던에게 배워라

④ 미래의 성공은 현재의 계획들이 원인이다

⑤ 현실에서 미래의 성공은 노력으로 조금씩 쌓인다.

① Cumulative Process – Success

② Be Responsible in Every Possible Way

③ Learn from Michael Jordan Not to Give Up

④ Future Successes: Owed to Present Plans

⑤ Future Success in the Real World Builds on Your Effort

※ [3강(요지) 8번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Whenever our urge is to fight a specific biological change, we should ask the following triplet of questions. Will our efforts have made much difference a few hundred years hence? If (A) [true / not], this means we are fighting a battle we will inevitably lose. Next, will our great-grandchildren’s great-grandchildren be that (B) [bothered / pleasant] if the state of the world has been altered, given that they will not know exactly how it is today? If the answer to this second question is no, this means we are fighting battles we do not need to win. If change is (C) [inevitable / escapable], which it is, we should then ask a third question: how can we maximize the benefits that our descendants derive from the natural world? In other words, how can we promote changes that might be favourable to the future human condition, as well as avoid the losses of species that might be important in unknown ways in future?

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

①

[해설] 우리의 욕구가 특정한 생물학적 변화에 저항하고자 할 때마다, 우리는 다음의 세 개의 질문을 해 봐야 한다. 우리의 노력이 지금부터 수백 년 후에 많은 차이를 가져올 것인가? 만약 아니라면, 이것은 우리가 필연적으로 패배할 싸움을 하고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 다음으로, 우리의 증손주의 증손주가 그들이 정확하게 오늘날이 어떤지 알지 못할 것을 고려하면 세계의 상태가 달라진다 하더라도 그렇게 신경을 쓸까? 만약 이 두 번째 질문에 대한 답이 아니다 라면, 이것은 우리가 이길 필요가 없는 싸움을 하고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 만약 변화가 필연적이라면, 사실 그렇기도 한데, 그러면 우리는 세 번째 질문을 해야 한다. 우리가 어떻게 자연계에서 우리의 후손이 이끌어 낼 이득을 극대화할 수 있는가? 다시 말하면, 우리는 어떻게 미래에 알지 못하는 방식으로 중요할지도 모르는 종의 손실을 피할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 미래 인류의 상황에 유리할 수 있는 변화를 촉진할 수 있을 것인가?

① (A) not … (B) bothered … (C) inevitable

② (A) true … (B) pleasant … (C) inevitable

③ (A) true … (B) pleasant … (C) inevitable

④ (A) not … (B) bothered … (C) escapable

⑤ (A) true … (B) bothered … (C) escapable

※ [4강(주제) 1번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

We are about to embark on creating one of the most important habits of all: gratitude. After conducting and reviewing hundreds of studies, the University of California, Berkeley, concluded that gratitude is one of the most reliable methods for increasing happiness and life satisfaction. It boosts feelings of optimism, joy, pleasure, and enthusiasm. It reduces anxiety and depression, strengthens the immune system, lowers blood pressure, reduces symptoms of illness, and makes us less bothered by aches and pains. It encourages us to exercise more and take better care of our health. Grateful people get more hours of sleep each night, spend less time awake before falling asleep, and feel more refreshed upon awakening. Gratitude makes people more resilient and helps them recover from traumatic events.

윗글의 'Gratitude'에 대한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

⑤

[해설] 사하는 사람들은 매일 밤 더 많은 시간 잠을 자고, 잠이 들기 전에 깨어 있는 시간이 더 적고, 깨어날 때 더 상쾌함을 느낀다.

① 사람들이 운동을 더 많이 하도록 만든다.

② 불안과 우울증을 줄여주며 아픔과 통증을 감소시킨다.

③ 회복력을 높이며 정신적인 충격의 극복도 빠르도록 도와준다.

④ 행복과 삶의 만족감을 증가시키는 가장 신뢰할 수 있는 방법이다.

⑤ 감사하는 사람들은 잠을 더 적게 자며 깨어날 때 더 상쾌함을 느낀다.

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [4강(주제) 3번]

④

[해설] 오늘날 급변하는 기술 환경에 대한 불신은 의인화된 신호를 넣음으로써 완화될 수 있다.

Today’s rapidly changing technological landscape can represent a challenge for consumers who might lack trust in technology and be skeptical of its purported benefits. Anthropomorphic thought can help remedy this skepticism and distrust, and is especially consequential in consumer-product interactions where being mindful and conscious are important criteria for evaluation and accountability. For example, in a vehicle simulation study, Waytz and colleagues found that participants reported higher levels of trust in autonomous vehicles (e.g., self-driving cars) that featured anthropomorphic cues (e.g., a name, gender, voice) than in those vehicles that lacked anthropomorphic cues. Moreover, participants in the simulated anthropomorphized vehicle felt less stressed from an observer’s point of view, and in the event of an accident, were less likely to blame their vehicles.

⇓

The lack of trust caused by today’s rapidly changing technological landscape can be ___(A)___ by ___(B)___ anthropomorphic cues.

① (A) aggravated … (B) compensating

② (A) aggravated … (B) inserting

③ (A) solved … (B) enhancing

④ (A) relieved … (B) inserting

⑤ (A) relieved … (B) enhancing

※ [4강(주제) 4번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Corporations establish rewards to drive performance. Often these rewards focus on meeting budgets and avoiding risk. Rewards of this type cause managers to invest in safe products that pose little chance of a big loss but also little chance of a big profit. These rewards totally block any motivation to explore riskier paths. The companies reward the speed at which low-risk products are created and marketed, even if they are hoping for radical new ideas. The outcome is little appetite for risk and an overdose of incremental ideas. Interestingly, managers get frustrated with the outcome, blind to 'the behavior that the organization is explicitly or implicitly rewarding'. A badly designed measurement or reward system mutes the rest of the rules, even if optimally designed.

윗글에서 밑줄 친 'the behavior that the organization is explicitly or implicitly rewarding'가 암시하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

③

[해설] 그 조직이 명시적으로나 암묵적으로 보상하고 있는 행위란 회사의 보상체계의 이상적인 목적을 지칭한다. 따라서 손실을 피하기 보다는 도전적인 사고로 회사를 이끌기를 바랄 것이라는 점을 알 수 있다. 따라서 ③ 큰 수익과 급진적인 아이디어의 가능성이 가장 적절하다.

① meeting budgets and avoiding risk

② posing little chance of a big loss

③ chances of a big profit and radical ideas

④ muting the rest of the rules for the sake of profits

⑤ the speed at which low-risk products are created and marketed

※ [4강(주제) 5번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Values and their supporting beliefs are lenses through which we see the world. The views that these lenses provide are often of what life ought to be like, not what it is. For example, Americans value individualism so highly that they tend to see almost everyone as free and equal in pursuing the goal of success. This value blinds them to "the significance of the circumstances" that keep people from achieving success. The dire consequences of family poverty, parents’ low education, and dead-end jobs tend to drop from sight. Instead, Americans see the unsuccessful as not taking advantage of opportunities, or as having some inherent laziness or dull minds. And they know they are "right", because the mass media dangle before their eyes enticing stories of individuals who have succeeded despite the greatest of handicaps.

윗글의 밑줄 친 "the significance of the circumstances"가 암시하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

④

[해설] 가치가 제공하는 견해는 현실 그대로가 아닌, 당위와 관련된 것이라는 내용의 글이다. 즉. 가치가 현실을 있는 있는 그대로 볼 수 없게 할 수 있다는 내용에서 밑줄의 내용은 상황의 중요성을 언급하고 있다. 따라서 ④ 도움을 제공하기를 거부하는, 사람들을 에워싸고 있는 환경이 가장 적절하다.

① 자신이 하는 일에 부주의한 것

② 모든 사람들이 정황적 가치에 있어서 자유롭고 동등한 것

③ 가장 어려운 난제들을 극복한 후 목표를 성취하는 것

⑤ 그 어떤 것 보다 개인주의를 중요하게 생각하는 미국인들의 경향

① People not being careless of what they do

② Everyone Being free and equal in circumstantial value

③ Overcoming the greatest handicaps and achieving their goals

④ Environs refusing to offer hands that are surrounding the individuals

⑤ Americans tendency to value individualism more than anything else

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [4강 6번]

④

[해설] 성공은 개인적인 노력에 근거하여 유일하게 도래하는 것이 아니라 상황적 요인에서도 관련이 있다는 점에서 미국인들은 더 잘 알아야 할 것이다.

Values and their supporting beliefs are lenses through which we see the world. The views that these lenses provide are often of what life ought to be like, not what it is. For example, Americans value individualism so highly that they tend to see almost everyone as free and equal in pursuing the goal of success. This value blinds them to the significance of the circumstances that keep people from achieving success. The dire consequences of family poverty, parents’ low education, and dead-end jobs tend to drop from sight. Instead, Americans see the unsuccessful as not taking advantage of opportunities, or as having some inherent laziness or dull minds. And they “know” they are right, because the mass media dangle before their eyes enticing stories of individuals who have succeeded despite the greatest of handicaps.

⇓

Americans should know better in that it is not based solely on the ___(A)___ that successes emerge, but with ___(B)___ that they come into play.

① (A) situational factors … (B) inherent laziness

② (A) inherent laziness … (B) situational factors

③ (A) situational factors … (B) personal efforts

④ (A) personal efforts … (B) situational factors

⑤ (A) personal efforts … (B) the greatest of handicaps

※ [4강(주제) 8번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Since the pull of gravity influences the stability of the body during the performance of physical activity, the balance or appropriate distribution of those gravitational forces upon the body is essential to promoting stability or ‘balance’. The location of the centre of gravity, or the point around which the mass or sum of gravitational forces is equally distributed or ‘balanced’, is thus of vital importance in the performance of physical skills. We know that the lower the centre of gravity and the closer it is to the base of support, the more stable an object. Thus when rugby players scrummage they attempt to get their body weight as low as possible to avoid being pushed backwards. Likewise, when those involved in a tug-of-war pull on the rope they try to lower their centre of gravity by leaning backwards and planting their feet well in front of them to increase stability and decrease their chances of being pulled forward by their opponents.

윗글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

④

[해설] 중력이 신체의 안정성에 영향을 끼치고, 무게 중심이 더 낮고 지지 기반에 가까워질수록 체가 안정적이라고 말하며, 그 예로 럭비 선수들과 줄다리기를 하고 있는 사람들의 자세를 들었다. 따라서 4번이 가장 적절하다.

① 중력은 어떤 물체이든지 고르게 작용한다.

② 신체적 균형은 정신적 건강과 함께 균형을 이루어야 한다.

③ 신체활동에 있어서 균형 잡힌 몸은 매우 중요하다.

④ 안정성을 높이는 자세는 중력으로 인한 무게 중심의 원리로 설명할 수 있다.

⑤ 럭비 선수들과 줄다리기에서 중력의 당김 작용과 반작용을 이해할 수 있다.

※ [5강(제목) 3번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Social media facilitates price comparison on the part of consumers, thus making them more aware of online and in-store discounts and subsequently encouraging consumer price sensitivity. What makes the social media space even more effective is the fact that not only do marketers have a new medium through which to share pricing promotion information, but quite often it is one’s own friends, family or other connections who are passing along price and promotion information from brands. When deals are activated by a consumer, he/she is given the opportunity to share their deal experience with specific individuals via email or more broadly via social media platforms. Given the influence of ______________, this is even more impactful as a source.

윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. (지문변형)

⑤

[해설] 소비자는 전자 메일을 통해 혹은 더욱 광범위하게 소셜 미디어 플랫폼을 통해서 자신의 거래 경험을 특정한 개인들과 공유할 기회를 가지게 된다. '입소문 = word of mouth' 정보의 영향을 고려하면, 이것은 정보원으로서 훨씬 더 영향력이 강하다. ① 정확히 비교된 정보 ② 정보의 규모 ③ 전달된 속도 ④ 홍보된 정보 ⑤ 입소문으로 전달된 정보

① accurately compared information

② size of the information

③ transferred speed

④ promoted information

⑤ information of everyone's tongue

※ [5강(제목) 5번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

In the Great Bear Rainforest, the bears drag salmon into the forest, where insects and fungi turn the salmon into food for the trees, which then (A) [provide / provides] homes to birds in their branches and to wolves in dens under their roots. When a tree falls over in a big windstorm, berry bushes grow on the fallen tree and insects decompose the wood. Bears eat the berries and also insects such as ants and termites that live in the fallen log. Sometimes wolves eat bears, but (B) [mostly / almost] they eat salmon and the deer that live among the big tree. People also eat salmon and deer, and use the bark and wood of the cedar trees. Changes to one part of this ecosystem, even a small part, have consequences for (C) [nothing / everything] else. Our future cannot be separated from the future of the insects of the soil and the frogs and salmon of the rainforest.

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

⑤

[해설] A: 선행사 단수 / B: 주로 mostly / C: 모든 것

① (A) provides … (B) almost … (C) everything

② (A) provides … (B) mostly … (C) nothing

③ (A) provides … (B) almost … (C) nothing

④ (A) provide … (B) mostly … (C) nothing

⑤ (A) provide … (B) mostly … (C) everything

※ [5강(제목) 6번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Aristotle said, “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” Developing conscious habits is a tool to achieve an integrated life. Developing good or productive ① habits and eliminating bad or destructive habits involves looking at what you need to implement in your life, as well as ② what you need to eliminate. Stephen Covey says, “Our character basically is a composite of our habits.” Take a look at your habits and ask yourself what is moving you closer to your goals and what is moving you away from ③ them. Understand that it takes 21 days to begin ④ a new habit (that’s 21 consecutive days, so yes, every time you do something new...or choose not...it does make a difference), so this relatively painful process of change isn’t indefinite, it just takes a few weeks — and on the 22nd day, it will actually be harder for you to not do your new habit than it will be to continue doing ⑤ it.

밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

②

[해설] ①③④⑤ = 바람직한 습관 / ② 없애야 하는 습관

①    ②    ③    ④    ⑤

※ [5강(제목) 7번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Globalization drives the culture of fast fashion. Currently, there is also a lightly different drive to promote the idea of transitioning to slow fashion. However, this gradual shift requires time, measured not in months or years but in decades or generations. Recycling and manufacturing which do not equate with models in nature always lead to a question mark. Therefore, a different approach to address the challenges facing sustainable fashion is absolutely necessary. We suggest the shift should be directed towards nature. We must try and discover the mechanisms that drive nature’s incessant creation of organisms without piling up mountains of waste. Researchers have already begun the study of biodegradation, mineralization and biomass formation, which is nature’s way of creating zero waste. Discovery of the laws of zero waste in nature could then be mimicked in the production of fast-compostable textile fibres.

윗글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

⑤

[해설] 패스트패션에 대한 대안으로 재활용과 재생을 강조하는 슬로패션이 대두되었지만 자연의 방식과 일치하지 않는다는면에서 지속가능한 패션 문제의 해결책이 될 수 없으므로. 쓰레기를 만들지 않고도 새로운 것을 만들어 내도록 하는 자연의 방법을 연구하여 모방해야 한다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 5번: 자연이 쓰레기를 처리하는 것을 관찰하여 슬로우 패션에 적용하라.

① Bio-mimicking fashion trend is the next step ahead.

② Fast-paced fashion is no longer welcomed in the community.

③ There are ways to upcycle waste materials into fashion items.

④ Slow fashion is currently leading the trend and is likely to continue.

⑤ Observe the nature process the waste and apply it to slow fashion.

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [5강 8번]

⑤

[해설] 창찬은 주로 집중하는데에 있어서 방해를 초래하며, 교실에서 큰 아이들에게 긍정적인 것 보다는 부정적인 것을 더 많이 가했다.

Praise that arouses delight and pride in a baby and toddler can have very different effects on older children, particularly in the classroom. When Roy Baumeister studied the effects of praise, he found that it generated more anxiety than pleasure in school-aged children. Children accustomed to the background hum of praise seemed to become dependent on praise to initiate any activity. A child who was accustomed to classroom praise spent less time focusing on a project and soon stopped working to wait for a teacher’s assessment. Praise seemed to hinder concentration, too. Children’s absorption in a task (often called flow) seemed to be disrupted by the reminder that someone was watching. When they were singing or playing an instrument, swimming or hitting a ball, or doing anything that involved deep skills run on autopilot, their performance was particularly badly affected by praise.

⇓

Mainly causing ___(A)___ in their concentration, praise did ___(B)___ in older children in classroom.

① (A) support … (B) more harm than good

② (A) support … (B) more good than harm

③ (A) hinderance … (B) what it was supposed to

④ (A) interference … (B) more good than harm

⑤ (A) interference … (B) more harm than good

※ [5강(제목) 8번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Praise that arouses delight and pride in a baby and toddler can have very different effects on older children, particularly in the classroom. When Roy Baumeister studied the effects of praise, he found that it generated more anxiety than pleasure in school-aged children. Children accustomed to the background hum of praise seemed to become dependent on praise to initiate any activity. A child who was accustomed to classroom praise spent less time focusing on a project and soon stopped working to wait for a teacher’s assessment. Praise seemed to hinder concentration, too. Children’s absorption in a task (often called flow) seemed to be disrupted by the reminder that someone was watching. When they were singing or playing an instrument, swimming or hitting a ball, or doing anything that involved deep skills run on autopilot, their performance was particularly badly affected by praise.

윗글의 내용으로 미루어 보아 Children who are accustomed to praise에 해당하지 않는 것은?

①

[해설] 평기를 받을 때에만 집중했다는 내용은 언급되어 있지 않다. ② 결국 그들의 기분이 활동중에 손상되었다 ③ 학교 활동에서 그들이 집중한 것은 과제를 수행하는 것이 아니었다 ④그들의 수행능력은 누군가가 관찰할 때 악화되었다 ⑤ 그들은 칭찬을 받기 위해서 참여하고 있던 것에 집중을 멈추었다.

① Only in being evaluated did they show concentration.

② Eventually, their mood was compromised during an activity.

③ Their focus of their school activity was not on doing the task.

④ Their performance was worsened when someone was observing

⑤ They stopped paying attention to what they were participating in order to get praise.

※ [8강(어법) 1번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Children learn a great many useful life lessons from friendship problems. It is, almost always, a mistake to step in too soon to protect them from this ― sometimes literally ― hands-on learning. It is also a mistake to assume that every child, either boy or girl, is going to have the same pattern of friends as you do. Children are different from each other and different from their parents. Some prefer to have, or simply end up with, a larger group of friends with no one person standing out as a special friend. Some will be content with serial best friends, just one or two of them at a time, and are not, therefore, invited to all the parties but are content. And some children are quite happy with few, or no, particular friends. These children will often have passions and interests that they can follow intently at home and may find the general play of the playground dull.

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

②

[해설] 아이들을 어른의 관점에서 판단하는 것과 실제 사실간의 차이를 설명하며 어른의 시작으로 너무 일찍 개입하지 말라는 글이다. 따라서 ② 당신의 시각으로 자녀를 판단하지 마라는 것이 가장 적절하다.

① The Number of Friends Simply Does Not Matter

② Do Not Judge your Child with your Perspective

③ Rearing Children Has Never Been Easy Still Now

④ How You Take your Child Out Staying All Day Home

⑤ Take Time to Get Involved in the Activities of your Child

※ [8강(어법) 3번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Today biennales are the centre stage for contemporary art in the art world. Not only do they showcase and discuss the nature of our contemporary life, but they also differ from the modern world fairs, because they explicitly project multiple fractured histories and identities. The desire to overturn previous political and theoretical structures is central to the discussions around contemporary biennales. For instance, when asked ‘What makes a biennial?’ world-renowned curator Rosa Martinez answered that ‘The idea biennial is a profoundly political and spiritual event. It contemplates the present with the desire to transform it’, and is indicative of a larger social, political and economic flow within contemporary society. We might even say that biennales are perceived as trendsetters, or predictors of intercultural flows that focus on the political nature of art in a global setting.

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

③

[해설] 이전의 정치적 이론적 구조를 전복시키려는 욕망을 지니고 있는 비엔날레에 대해 설명하며 현재를 변형시키고자 히는 욕망을 가지고서 현재를 고찰하고,’ 현대 사회 내부의 보다 큰 사회적, 정치적, 경제적 흐름을 나타내고 있음을 설명하고 있다. 따라서 ③: 비엔날레는 현대사회를 위하여 어떤 이념적인 생각을 지니고 있는가가 가장 적절하다.

① The Goal of Biennales to Head Back to the Past

② The Controversies Behind the Agenda of Biennales

③ What Spirit Biennales Hold for Comtemporary Society

④ What Priorities Biennales Bring to Comtemporary Society

⑤ Biennales: Criticized for their Absurd Direction towards Politics

※! [8강(어법) 5번] 다음 지문을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Even after people learned the scientific method, many still pursued and believed in really ① weird things, and many old ideas died hard deaths. It’s hard to believe, but even simple things such as washing your hands to prevent infection were not fully accepted by the medical community until relatively recently on the human timeline. Even after it was discovered and documented that washing hands drastically reduced deadly fevers, the idea took a while to catch on. ② It was just too revolutionary, too weird. The idea of germs and microscopic organisms challenged a variety of ③ other ideas, including that the source of disease was probably linked to things that stank, which was sort of true when you thought about ④ it. In a world that had already invented the telephone and the lightbulb, hand-washing to prevent sickness met enough ⑤ resistance that doctors argued about it for decades.

밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

⑤

[해설] ①②④⑤ = weird things / ③ Challenging (new) ideas

①    ②    ③    ④    ⑤

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [8강 7번]

⑤

[해설] 충성을 보인다는 것은 비합리성을 동반하지만, 우리 인간은 논리적이라기 보다는 감정적인 존재로 여겨진다.

Companies that inspire, companies that command trust and loyalty over the long term, are the ones that make us feel we’re accomplishing something bigger than just saving a dollar. That feeling of alliance with something bigger is the reason we keep wearing the jersey of our hometown sports team even though they have not made it to the playoffs for ten years. It’s why some of us will always buy products from a certain brand over other brands, even if the brand isn’t always the most affordable choice. Whether we like to admit it or not, we are not entirely rational beings. If we were, no one would ever fall in love and no one would ever start a business. Faced with an overwhelming chance of failure, no rational person would ever take either of those risks. But we do. Every day. Because how we feel about something or someone is more powerful than what we think about it or them.

⇓

Although being faithful comes with ___(A)___, we are considered more ___(B)___ than reasonable.

① (A) rationality … (B) powerful

② (A) failures … (B) successful

③ (A) irrationality … (B) successful

④ (A) rationality … (B) emotional

⑤ (A) irrationality … (B) emotional

[9강(어휘) 6번] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

④

Many thought that Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic engineer, had hit his head on a mental speed bump during his early years. Wouldn’t the lack of signs, markings, and barriers cause destruction and death?

(A) He proposed integrating vehicle and foot traffic, in order to create a more holistic driving environment. Few would listen; however, Monderman was patient.

(B) By the early twenty-first century, Dutch officials finally gave him the green light to test his theories in a number of small towns there. The data astonished skeptics. Within several years, he showed statistically significant reductions in accidents and lost lives, causing his revolutionary ideas to reverberate around a traffic-clogged world.

(C) Yet the engineer persisted in his belief that traffic signals, crosswalks, warning signs, curbs, and even lines painted down the middle of the road are not just annoying, but downright dangerous to drivers and pedestrians alike.

① (A) - (C) - (B)

② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)

④ (C) - (A) - (B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

[9강(어휘) 7번] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

⑤

[해설] Such partners가 지칭하는 것은 친구에 대한 설명이 나와 있는 문장 다음이 적절할 것이다.

Such partners are often so tightly connected at the roots that sometimes they even die together.

The average tree grows its branches out until it encounters the branch tips of a neighboring tree of the same height. ( ① ) It doesn’t grow any wider because the air and better light in this space are already taken. ( ② ) However, it heavily reinforces the branches it has extended, so you get the impression that there’s quite a shoving match going on up there. ( ③ ) But a pair of true friends is careful right from the outset not to grow overly thick branches in each other’s direction. ( ④ ) The trees don’t want to take anything away from each other, and so they develop sturdy branches only at the outer edges of their crowns, that is to say, only in the direction of “non-friends." ( ⑤ )

[9강(어휘) 6번] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

②

[해설] 신호등, 횡단보도, 주의 표지판, 도로 경계석, 그리고 심지어 도로 중앙에 그려진 선들도 운전자와 보행자 모두에게 성가실 뿐만 아니라 매우 위험하기도 하다는 자신의 신념을 고집한 후 통합을 결국 제안했다는 내용이다.

Yet the engineer persisted in his belief that traffic signals, crosswalks, warning signs, curbs, and even lines painted down the middle of the road are not just annoying, but downright dangerous to drivers and pedestrians alike.

Many thought that Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic engineer, had hit his head on a mental speed bump during his early years. ( ① ) Wouldn’t the lack of signs, markings, and barriers cause destruction and death? ( ② ) He proposed integrating vehicle and foot traffic, in order to create a more holistic driving environment. ( ③ ) Few would listen; however, Monderman was patient. ( ④ ) By the early twenty-first century, Dutch officials finally gave him the green light to test his theories in a number of small towns there. ( ⑤ ) The data astonished skeptics. Within several years, he showed statistically significant reductions in accidents and lost lives, causing his revolutionary ideas to reverberate around a traffic-clogged world.

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