영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When temperatures drop below freezing overnight, an invisible layer of black ice can form on sidewalks ①that look perfectly dry, catching even careful walkers off guard. Unlike a visibly icy patch, black ice reflects almost no light and blends into ordinary pavement, which is why so many falls happen on stretches that pedestrians ②would never suspect. Orthopedic doctors report a sharp rise in wrist and hip injuries every winter, most of them ③causing not by dramatic slips on icy hills but by a single unexpected step near a bus stop or a doorway. Walking with shorter, flatter steps and keeping the hands free rather than in pockets can ④help a person regain balance quickly if a foot suddenly slides. Choosing shoes with textured rubber soles rather than smooth ones also makes a difference, since even a small increase in grip can ⑤prevent a fall before it begins.

Whenever people discuss the future of reading, one debate never ①seem to end: e-books or paper books? Supporters of e-books point out that a single device can hold thousands of titles, which ②makes traveling with a full library incredibly light. Readers can also change the font size, look up a word instantly, and carry their entire collection in one bag. Fans of paper books, however, argue that something important ③is lost on a screen. Many readers say they remember a paper book's plot more clearly, perhaps because they recall where a scene ④appeared on the page. Screens also invite distraction, since a single notification can pull a reader away from the story in seconds. Interestingly, several recent surveys suggest that most young readers do not choose one format forever. Instead, they switch between paper and digital depending on the situation, ⑤treating the debate less as a contest and more as a matter of convenience.

Every light ①left on in an empty room wastes electricity that could have powered something useful elsewhere. For example, a single classroom light left on overnight can waste enough energy ②to charge dozens of phones. This habit is similar to ③leave a faucet running while you brush your teeth, where water flows out for no reason. However, when an entire school ④forms this habit together, the total amount of ⑤saved energy becomes significant.

For instance, the number one usually stands for ①clear plastic bottles, while the number five represents thicker containers like yogurt cups. Without checking the label, you might buy something ②unhealthy by mistake. Likewise, throwing plastic away without checking its mark can send a ③disposable item straight to a landfill. Therefore, taking a few seconds to check the mark before throwing something away makes recycling far more ④effective for everyone ⑤involved.

Have you ever thrown away an old pair of jeans simply because they no longer fit? Instead of discarding them, many people now turn old items into something ①old and useful. This creative process, called upcycling, transforms unwanted objects into products with ②greater value than before. For example, a worn pair of jeans can be cut and sewn into a ③sturdy bag or a small pouch. Old wooden pallets, once used for shipping, are often rebuilt into ④simple furniture such as tables and shelves. However, upcycling differs from ordinary recycling, which usually breaks materials down before making something new. In upcycling, the original material keeps most of its form while gaining a fresh purpose. Therefore, choosing to upcycle rather than throw items away can reduce waste ⑤significantly.

For many years, comic books and graphic novels were seen as a ①lazy alternative to real reading. Parents and teachers often worried that pictures did the work that words should do, leaving young readers with ②weaker vocabulary and imagination. Recent research, however, tells a more ③complicated story. Graphic novels actually require readers to combine written text with visual clues, inferring emotion from a character's expression or understanding time gaps between panels. This combination can build a ④different but equally valuable set of reading skills. Teachers who once banned comics from their classrooms are now using them to reach students who struggled with traditional novels, finding that many reluctant readers finish an entire graphic novel and then move on to longer books with new confidence. Rather than replacing traditional reading, graphic novels appear to work best as an ⑤obstacle that leads students toward it.

Many people throw away items that they no longer need. However, some students have started to buy and sell used goods instead of throwing them away. This practice, often called secondhand trading, takes place at flea markets or through simple online apps. When you buy a secondhand book or a used bicycle, you save money and reduce waste at the same time. For example, a jacket that no longer fits your older sibling can become a treasure for someone else. Giving an old item to a new owner is like giving a toy a second life. In contrast, throwing away useful items increases the amount of trash that ends up in landfills. Therefore, secondhand trading, which requires little effort, _______________. Small choices like this can make a big difference for our planet.

Many English teachers now ask students to write a short review after finishing a book, rather than simply filling out a reading log. At first, students often complain that summarizing a plot is enough work already. However, a review requires something a summary does not: a clear judgment supported by specific evidence from the text. To defend an opinion about a character or a theme, _______________. Teachers who assign reviews regularly report that their students remember plot details more accurately and discuss characters' motivations more confidently than students who only summarize.

Students who read many books across many different subjects often develop a habit that quieter learners sometimes lack: the habit of comparing new information with what they already know. (A) A student who has read about ancient wars, ocean ecosystems, and modern economics can more easily notice when two different subjects share a similar pattern. (B) This kind of connection-making is closely related to what psychologists call critical thinking, since seeing a familiar pattern in an unfamiliar topic allows a person to ask sharper questions instead of accepting new information at face value. (C) Extensive reading also builds a large mental library of examples, and teachers often notice that widely read students argue more carefully, supporting their opinions with specific examples rather than vague generalizations.

This weekly ritual might sound unusual to anyone who has only ever read a novel alone. Every Wednesday evening, a small group meets in the corner of a quiet cafe, coffee cups in hand, ready to talk about a book they have all just finished. ( ① ) This is a book club, and its members insist that reading the same novel together changes the experience completely. ( ② ) Alone, a reader usually forms one interpretation and rarely questions it again. ( ③ ) In a group, however, one member's small comment about a minor character can suddenly change how everyone else understood the whole story. ( ④ ) Members also say that having a discussion planned in advance pushes them to finish books they might otherwise put down halfway through. ( ⑤ ) Perhaps the greatest benefit is social rather than literary: strangers from very different backgrounds discover that they share the same doubts, laughter, and surprises over the very same pages.