영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

To compensate for their carbon emissions, many individuals and companies now ①purchases carbon offsets, financial credits that fund projects such as planting trees or building renewable energy plants. The idea is appealing: paying for an equivalent amount of carbon to be absorbed elsewhere should cancel out the harm caused by activities like flying. However, critics argue that this system often ②functions as a convenient excuse for postponing genuine emission cuts rather than achieving them. For example, a newly planted forest may take decades to absorb the promised carbon, and it could later ③burn down or be cut, erasing any benefit. Moreover, some offset projects would have happened anyway, meaning the credits fund nothing truly ④additional. Therefore, relying heavily on offsets allows businesses ⑤to maintain harmful practices while appearing responsible.

As technology continues to reshape nearly every profession, the idea of finishing education after graduation ①has become outdated. Workers who once expected their initial training to last an entire career now find that skills can become obsolete within just a few years. Many professionals now take short online courses, attend workshops, or ②earn new certifications while continuing to work full-time. Companies that support this kind of continuous education often benefit as well, since employees ③bring fresh knowledge back into their daily tasks. Critics argue that constant learning can be exhausting and ④difficultly to balance with personal responsibilities. Nevertheless, most career experts insist that those who resist ongoing education risk ⑤falling behind their peers.

When Mina was a freshman, she often spent her allowance within a few days. Her older cousin told her about the marshmallow experiment, a famous study in which children could eat one marshmallow ①immediately or wait for two. Researchers found that children who waited ②longer showed better academic performance and self-control years later. This ability to ③resist an immediate reward in favor of a larger future one is known as delayed gratification. Inspired by the study, Mina began saving half of her allowance each week instead of spending it all on snacks. At first, resisting small purchases felt surprisingly ④easy, especially when her friends were eating out. After three months, however, she had ⑤saved enough to buy a bicycle she had wanted for over a year.

Exercise does far more than strengthen muscles and the heart; it also produces ① measurable changes within the brain itself. During sustained physical activity, the body releases a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which supports the growth of new neurons and ② strengthens connections between existing ones, particularly in regions associated with memory and learning. Studies comparing physically active students to sedentary peers have repeatedly found that the active group performs ③ better on tests of attention and problem-solving, even when the exercise session ends well before the test begins. Researchers believe that exercise increases blood flow to the brain, delivering oxygen and nutrients more efficiently, while also ④ raising levels of stress hormones that can interfere with clear thinking. Interestingly, aerobic activities such as running or swimming appear to produce more ⑤ pronounced cognitive benefits than purely strength-based training.

Browsing an online store today often means chatting with an AI assistant that asks a few quick questions, such as budget or intended use, before suggesting a short list of products ① tailored to the answers. Unlike a static list of best-sellers, this assistant can adjust its suggestions on the spot, responding to follow-up questions the way a knowledgeable salesperson might in a physical store. Retailers report that shoppers who use these chatbots tend to ② complete purchases more often and return fewer items, since the guided conversation helps buyers choose products that actually fit their needs. Some shoppers, however, remain ③ confident about how personal the questions can feel, wondering how much of that conversation is quietly stored and reused to influence future purchases. Consumer advocates argue that stores should ④ clearly explain what happens to this data, rather than ⑤ burying the explanation in a lengthy privacy policy that almost no one reads.

Internet activist Eli Pariser introduced the term filter bubble to describe a phenomenon created by online algorithms. Social media platforms and search engines constantly track which links users click and how long they linger on certain posts. Based on this data, algorithms predict what each individual is most likely to enjoy and quietly prioritize similar content in future results. As a result, two people who type the same search query can receive strikingly different results, each tailored to personal history. This automatic filtering happens silently, without users ever deciding to limit what they see. Consequently, many people gradually lose access to viewpoints that challenge their existing beliefs, even though they never intended to avoid them. Pariser warned that this invisible curation could weaken democratic debate by narrowing public discussion. Therefore, some experts argue that platforms should reveal how content is filtered, _______________.

Anyone who has ridden a bicycle after a decade away from one has likely experienced muscle memory firsthand: the body seems to recall a complex skill almost instantly, even when conscious memory of the exact movements has faded. Contrary to what the name suggests, muscles themselves do not actually store memories; the phenomenon originates in the brain and nervous system, where repeated practice gradually shifts control of a well-learned movement from regions associated with conscious thought to areas that operate largely automatically. This shift explains why a skilled athlete can execute a complicated sequence of movements without consciously thinking through each individual step, freeing mental attention for strategy and decision-making instead. Interestingly, research also suggests that _______________.

Retailers rarely leave the shopping environment to chance. (A) For instance, cheerful background music and pleasant lighting are chosen specifically to keep shoppers relaxed and unhurried. (B) Every detail, from store layout to background music, is carefully designed to influence customer behavior. (C) As a result, customers often spend more time browsing and end up buying items they never intended to purchase.

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and restarts during sleep, often because the muscles at the back of the throat relax too much and block the airway. (A) Doctors therefore rely less on a patient's own account of the night and more on objective measurements, such as overnight oxygen levels and airflow patterns recorded in a sleep laboratory. (B) Each pause can last from a few seconds to over a minute, and it may occur dozens of times in a single night without the sleeper ever waking up fully. (C) Because these interruptions rarely produce a clear memory the next morning, many people remain unaware that anything is wrong, even as chronic fatigue, headaches, and irritability build up over months.

For this reason, nutritionists generally advise spreading moderate portions of protein evenly across several meals throughout the day rather than saving it all for one large post-workout meal. After a strenuous workout, muscle fibers experience thousands of microscopic tears, and the body immediately begins a repair process that ultimately makes the muscle stronger than it was before. ( ① ) This repair depends heavily on amino acids, the building blocks that protein supplies, which is why sports scientists recommend consuming protein within a couple of hours after training. ( ② ) Waiting too long to eat can slow recovery, since a muscle's sensitivity to amino acids gradually declines once that window closes. ( ③ ) Many athletes assume that eating an enormous quantity of protein in a single sitting will speed up this process. ( ④ ) But the body can only use a limited amount at once; the rest is simply burned for energy or stored as fat. ( ⑤ )