영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

문제 1

Among strategies for improving concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely ①recommended methods for students and workers. This technique involves working with full attention for twenty-five minutes, then ②taking a short five-minute break before starting the next session. After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes ③is usually taken to allow mental recovery. The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental fatigue from ④build up. Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more manageable. Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes less tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment ⑤than beginning an entire project.

문제 2

Social psychologists describe a phenomenon called the bystander effect, in which individuals become less likely ①helping a victim as the number of witnesses increases. Each observer assumes someone else will step in, and this diffusion of responsibility leaves no one ②willing to act. Cyberbullying magnifies this problem, since a single humiliating post can be witnessed by thousands of people ③scattered across the internet rather than a few standing nearby. Anonymity intensifies the effect further, allowing silent observers ④to scroll past cruel comments without feeling accountable for their inaction. Some bystanders even worry that intervening publicly might make them the bully's next target, so they choose ⑤to remain silent instead.

문제 3

When the body fights off an infection, the immune system relies heavily on ① adequate sleep to function effectively. During deep sleep, the body produces and releases cytokines, proteins ② that help regulate immune responses and coordinate the fight against harmful invaders. People who consistently sleep fewer than six hours a night ③ shows measurably weaker antibody responses after vaccination compared with those who sleep seven or eight hours. Chronic sleep deprivation also appears ④ to promote low-grade inflammation throughout the body, a state that has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Rather than being a passive state, sleep functions as an active period during which the immune system ⑤ repairs itself and prepares for future threats.

문제 4

Psychologist Roy Baumeister proposed a concept ①called ego depletion theory, which suggests that willpower functions like a muscle that gradually tires after repeated use. According to this theory, every act of self-control, from resisting a snack to concentrating on difficult homework, ②draws from the same limited mental resource. As this resource becomes depleted throughout the day, later decisions ③require more effort and are more likely to fail. For instance, someone who exercises discipline avoiding distractions all morning may struggle ④to resist checking a phone by evening. Likewise, dieters report that self-control weakens sharply at night, after hours of resisting food. Some researchers argue that short breaks, adequate sleep, and blood sugar levels can help restore this depleted resource. Although later studies have questioned how strong this effect is, the theory still ⑤offer a useful framework for understanding why willpower seems to fade throughout a long day.

문제 5

Behavioral economists use the term temporal discounting to describe how people ①undervalue future rewards simply because those rewards are not immediate. This tendency explains why a student might choose to watch videos tonight rather than study for an exam that remains several weeks away, even though studying offers a ②smaller long-term benefit. A distant reward, no matter how valuable, feels psychologically smaller than a small reward available right now. This bias contributes to procrastination, since future consequences rarely feel ③urgent enough to motivate immediate action. To counter this tendency, students should ④convert distant goals into smaller, near-term milestones that feel more emotionally real. Setting weekly checkpoints rather than a final deadline can make future benefits feel ⑤closer and more concrete.

문제 6

Browsing an online store today often means chatting with an AI assistant that asks a few quick questions, such as budget or intended use, before suggesting a short list of products tailored to the answers. (A) Consumer advocates argue that stores should clearly explain what happens to this data, rather than burying the explanation in a lengthy privacy policy that almost no one reads. (B) Some shoppers, however, remain wary of how personal the questions can feel, wondering how much of that conversation is quietly stored and reused to influence future purchases. (C) Retailers report that shoppers who use these chatbots tend to complete purchases more often and return fewer items, since the guided conversation helps buyers choose products that actually fit their needs.

문제 7

In the days leading up to an endurance event, many athletes deliberately increase their carbohydrate intake while reducing training volume, a practice known as carbohydrate loading. (A) Because glycogen serves as the primary fuel source during prolonged, intense exercise, entering an event with fuller stores can delay the point of exhaustion that runners often call hitting the wall. (B) Sports nutritionists caution, however, that the timing and composition of meals matter as much as the total quantity of carbohydrate consumed. (C) The strategy is designed to maximize the amount of glycogen, the storage form of carbohydrate, packed into muscle tissue before competition begins.

문제 8

Some athletes, in fact, experience excessive fatigue at altitude that undermines the very training they hoped to complete. Athletes preparing for major endurance events sometimes train for weeks at high altitude, where the air contains less oxygen than at sea level, in hopes of gaining a physiological edge once they return to compete at lower elevations. ( ① ) In this thin air, the body responds by producing more red blood cells, which carry oxygen more efficiently through the bloodstream to working muscles. ( ② ) When these athletes return to sea level, where oxygen is more abundant, their blood retains this elevated capacity for a limited period, potentially translating into improved endurance performance. ( ③ ) However, the benefits of altitude training are far from guaranteed, since individual athletes respond quite differently to the same conditions. ( ④ ) Many elite programs therefore follow a strategy known as live high, train low, in which athletes sleep at altitude to stimulate blood adaptations but perform intense workouts at lower elevation to maintain quality and intensity. ( ⑤ )

문제 9

Genetic potential, in other words, is merely a starting point, never a finished product. Scientists have identified certain gene variants that appear more frequently among elite endurance athletes than among the general population, along with a separate set that seems to favor explosive, power-based sports such as sprinting. ( ① ) One frequently studied variant, for instance, influences the proportion of slow-twitch versus fast-twitch muscle fibers a person naturally develops, a ratio that shapes whether a body leans toward endurance or explosive power. ( ② ) However, researchers caution strongly against interpreting these findings as evidence that athletic greatness is simply inherited. ( ③ ) Even athletes who carry every favorable variant identified so far still require years of disciplined training to translate that genetic potential into actual performance, and many elite competitors lack some of these supposedly advantageous variants altogether. ( ④ ) Genetics may set a rough ceiling on an individual's ultimate potential, but where any particular athlete lands within that range depends overwhelmingly on training quality, nutrition, coaching, and sheer determination. ( ⑤ )

문제 10

Its influence, in fact, can persist quietly long after any feeling of alertness has faded. Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, prized for its ability to sharpen focus and fight off fatigue within minutes of consumption. ( ① ) It works by blocking adenosine, a chemical that gradually builds up in the brain throughout the day and makes us feel increasingly sleepy the longer we stay awake. ( ② ) By occupying the receptors that adenosine would normally bind to, caffeine tricks the brain into feeling alert even when the body has accumulated significant sleep pressure. ( ③ ) The effects, however, last far longer than most people realize. Because caffeine can remain active in the bloodstream for five to six hours, a cup of coffee consumed in the late afternoon may still be interfering with the ability to fall asleep at midnight. ( ④ ) Even when people do not consciously notice difficulty falling asleep, caffeine has been shown to reduce the amount of deep, restorative sleep obtained later in the night. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, many sleep specialists advise avoiding caffeine after early afternoon.