영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Psychologist John Suler proposed a concept called the online disinhibition effect, ①describing how people behave differently on the internet than they do face to face. Because usernames often hide real identities and screens ②create physical distance from others, individuals feel freer to express themselves without immediate social consequences. This freedom can be beneficial, allowing shy people to share honest feelings they would normally hesitate ③to reveal in person. However, the same anonymity frequently produces a darker outcome, encouraging users to post cruel comments they would never say to someone's face. Malicious remarks left under celebrities' photos or news articles ④illustrates how quickly this behavior can spread once a few users set the tone. Such comments often cause severe emotional harm to the people who ⑤receive them.

For centuries, dreams have ①fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a ②safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to ③ignore responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's ④information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has been ⑤conclusively proven.

Internet activist Eli Pariser introduced the term filter bubble to describe a phenomenon created by online algorithms. Social media platforms and search engines constantly track which links users click and how long they linger on certain posts. Based on this data, algorithms predict what each individual is most likely to enjoy and quietly prioritize similar content in future results. As a result, two people who type the same search query can receive strikingly different results, each tailored to personal history. This automatic filtering happens silently, without users ever deciding to limit what they see. Consequently, many people gradually lose access to viewpoints that challenge their existing beliefs, even though they never intended to avoid them. Pariser warned that this invisible curation could weaken democratic debate by narrowing public discussion. Therefore, some experts argue that platforms should reveal how content is filtered, _______________.

As companies collect enormous amounts of personal data to improve their products and target advertisements, serious ethical questions have emerged about how that information should be handled. Employees who work with big data now face responsibilities that previous generations rarely encountered, since a single careless decision can expose millions of people's private information. Regardless of which approach prevails, most experts agree that ___________. Universities have begun adding data ethics courses to computer science programs, recognizing that future employees will need to balance innovation with responsibility.

Smartphones, tablets, and computer screens all emit a significant amount of blue light, a short-wavelength light that our eyes are especially sensitive to. During the day, exposure to blue light from the sun helps keep us alert and mentally sharp, which is generally beneficial. At night, however, the same wavelength can interfere with the body's natural preparation for sleep. Specialized cells in the retina detect blue light and send signals to the brain's internal clock, which results in _______________. Studies have found that people who scroll through their phones in bed before sleeping take longer to fall asleep and experience lighter, more easily disrupted sleep than those who avoid screens. Some devices now offer a night mode that shifts the display toward warmer tones, reducing blue light output in the evening. While this feature may help slightly, sleep researchers generally recommend limiting screen use altogether in the hour before bedtime for the best results.

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without leaving a person groggy afterward. The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain to pass through the lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. If a nap extends much beyond that window, _______________. Laboratory studies comparing napping and non-napping groups have repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most effective. For this reason, many workplaces now designate quiet rooms where employees can recharge briefly during the day.

Exercise does far more than strengthen muscles and the heart; it also produces measurable changes within the brain itself. During sustained physical activity, the body releases a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which supports the growth of new neurons and strengthens connections between existing ones, particularly in regions associated with memory and learning. Studies comparing physically active students to sedentary peers have repeatedly found that _______________, even when the exercise session ends well before the test begins. Researchers believe that exercise increases blood flow to the brain, delivering oxygen and nutrients more efficiently, while also reducing levels of stress hormones that can interfere with clear thinking.

Recovering from a serious sports injury involves far more than simply waiting for torn tissue to heal; it requires a carefully structured program that gradually reintroduces stress to the affected area. Immediately after an injury, rest and gentle range-of-motion exercises help prevent stiffness. As pain subsides, therapists introduce light resistance training, slowly rebuilding strength in muscles that have weakened from disuse. Progressing too quickly at this stage is a common mistake, since _______________. Only after strength and flexibility approach pre-injury levels do specialists introduce sport-specific drills that mimic the exact movements an athlete will face in competition.

Sociologist Mark Granovetter introduced an idea that seems contradictory at first glance, known as the strength of weak ties. According to this theory, people who see each other only occasionally, called weak ties, often provide more valuable information than close friends or family members, who are considered strong ties. This happens because strong ties tend to share the same social circles and, therefore, already possess similar knowledge. Weak ties, in contrast, move within different networks, which allows them to introduce ideas or opportunities that would otherwise remain unknown. For example, a former classmate rarely contacted might mention a job opening unavailable through one's immediate circle. Social media platforms have made maintaining such connections remarkably easier, letting users keep hundreds of loose acquaintances active without frequent face-to-face meetings. Consequently, these platforms _______________.

In other words, sleep does not simply preserve what was learned but actively works to make sense of it. During sleep, the brain does not simply rest; it actively reorganizes the day's experiences into lasting memories through a process called consolidation. ( ① ) Newly formed memories are initially fragile and stored primarily in a brain region called the hippocampus, which has limited long-term capacity. ( ② ) While a person sleeps, particularly during the deep stages of non-REM sleep, neural activity replays these fresh memory traces in rapid, compressed sequences, gradually transferring the information to the cortex for more durable, long-term storage. This replay strengthens the connections between neurons that encoded the original experience, making the memory more resistant to interference from unrelated events the following day. ( ③ ) Sleep researchers have demonstrated this effect experimentally: participants who slept after learning a list of word pairs recalled more items the next day than participants who remained awake instead. ( ④ ) Crucially, the benefit was not limited to simple recall; sleep also seemed to help participants extract general patterns from the material, suggesting that consolidation involves more than passive storage. ( ⑤ )