영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Behavioral economists use the term temporal discounting to describe how people ①undervaluing future rewards simply because those rewards are not immediate. This tendency explains why a student might choose to watch videos tonight rather than study for an exam that remains several weeks away, even though studying ②offers a far greater long-term benefit. A distant reward, no matter how valuable, feels psychologically smaller than a small reward ③available right now. This bias contributes to procrastination, since future consequences rarely feel urgent enough ④to motivate immediate action. To counter this tendency, students should convert distant goals into smaller, near-term milestones that feel more emotionally real. Setting weekly checkpoints rather than a final deadline can make future benefits feel closer and more concrete. Teachers and parents should provide immediate, meaningful feedback, since prompt recognition helps bridge the gap between present effort and delayed reward, ultimately ⑤reducing the urge to postpone tasks.

Sociologist Erving Goffman argued that people constantly perform for others, much like actors ①managing their image on a stage, a concept known as impression management. This idea applies vividly to social media, where users select flattering photos and delete posts ②that might damage their reputation. Such careful curation allows people ③to present an idealized version of themselves that emphasizes achievements while hiding struggles or ordinary moments. However, when this performance becomes constant, a troubling gap can form between one's authentic self and the polished character ④displaying online. Maintaining that gap requires considerable emotional energy, and studies suggest it often leads to anxiety and exhaustion. Furthermore, comparing one's own carefully staged life to others' equally staged posts can distort what people believe is normal. Therefore, individuals should recognize that some self-presentation online is inevitable, but they must also protect space where imperfection ⑤is allowed to remain visible.

Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally ① shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to ② impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to ③ unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show ④ worsened grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and ⑤ contentious process.

As technology continues to reshape the job market, educators and employers increasingly agree on which skills will matter most in the coming decades. Beyond technical knowledge, employers consistently rank problem-solving and adaptability among the most valuable qualities in job candidates. Schools have begun redesigning curricula to emphasize these competencies, moving away from rote memorization toward project-based learning that mirrors real workplace challenges. Some critics worry that this shift undervalues traditional academic knowledge, but most experts insist that ___________.

Many people struggling to fall asleep in noisy environments turn to white noise machines, devices that emit a steady, uniform sound covering a broad range of frequencies. (A) Without this masking effect, an abrupt change in sound is far more likely to trigger a brief awakening, even if the sleeper does not consciously remember it the next morning. (B) The appeal lies in a phenomenon called auditory masking, in which a constant background sound makes sudden noises, such as a slamming door, less noticeable to the sleeping brain. (C) However, researchers caution that the benefit depends heavily on volume and consistency, since noise that is too loud or unpredictable can itself become a source of disruption rather than a remedy.

Every cell in the human body follows an internal timer known as the circadian rhythm, a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle that governs when we feel alert and when we feel drowsy. (A) This clock is regulated primarily by a tiny cluster of neurons in the brain that responds to light entering through the eyes, signaling the body to suppress sleep hormones each morning. (B) As evening approaches and light fades, however, the same mechanism triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that promotes drowsiness. (C) Because this rhythm evolved around the natural cycle of day and night, modern habits such as artificial light exposure or night shifts can push it out of sync, which has been linked to digestive problems and reduced concentration.

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. (A) At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. (B) Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone. (C) A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues to race with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia.

주어진 문장: This constant awareness of human presence is what distinguishes cobots from older industrial machines. Modern factories increasingly rely on collaborative robots, often called cobots, which are designed to work safely alongside human employees. ( ① ) Unlike traditional industrial robots that operate behind safety cages, cobots use sensors to detect nearby workers and adjust their movements accordingly. ( ② ) This technology allows humans and machines to share the same workspace without the risk of dangerous accidents. ( ③ ) In practice, cobots typically handle repetitive or physically demanding tasks, while human workers focus on tasks that require judgment and fine motor skills. ( ④ ) This division of labor increases overall efficiency, since each side contributes what it does best. ( ⑤ ) Manufacturers who have introduced cobots report fewer workplace injuries and higher worker satisfaction.

This happens because the eyes remain remarkably responsive to light even after darkness falls, cueing the brain that it is still daytime. Smartphones, tablets, and computer screens all emit a significant amount of blue light, a short-wavelength light that our eyes are especially sensitive to. ( ① ) During the day, exposure to blue light from the sun helps keep us alert and mentally sharp, which is generally beneficial. ( ② ) At night, however, the same wavelength can interfere with the body's natural preparation for sleep. ( ③ ) Specialized cells in the retina detect blue light and send signals to the brain's internal clock, suppressing the release of melatonin, the hormone that signals it is time to rest. ( ④ ) Studies have found that people who scroll through their phones in bed before sleeping take longer to fall asleep and experience lighter, more easily disrupted sleep than those who avoid screens. ( ⑤ ) Some devices now offer a night mode that shifts the display toward warmer tones, reducing blue light output in the evening. While this feature may help slightly, sleep researchers generally recommend limiting screen use altogether in the hour before bedtime for the best results.

Athletes competing in hot, humid conditions face a particularly difficult balance, because sweating heavily to stay cool simultaneously depletes the very fluids needed to sustain performance. Even a modest level of dehydration, as little as two percent of body weight lost through sweat, can measurably reduce an athlete's endurance and cognitive sharpness during competition. ( ① ) As fluid levels drop, blood volume decreases, forcing the heart to work harder to deliver the same amount of oxygen to working muscles, which accelerates fatigue. ( ② ) Dehydration also impairs the body's ability to regulate its own temperature, since sweating is the primary mechanism for releasing excess heat during intense exercise. ( ③ ) Simply drinking large amounts of plain water is not always sufficient, however, since heavy sweating also flushes out sodium and other electrolytes essential for proper muscle function. ( ④ ) For this reason, sports scientists generally recommend a hydration strategy that replaces both fluid and electrolytes, tailored to an individual athlete's sweat rate and the specific conditions of the event. ( ⑤ )