영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Modern advertising increasingly relies on personal data ①collected from users' browsing habits, search histories, and social media activity. Companies argue that this approach benefits consumers by showing advertisements that are more relevant to their actual interests. However, many critics contend that this level of tracking raises serious concerns about privacy, since users rarely understand how extensively their behavior ②is being monitored. Some algorithms can predict purchasing decisions before consumers themselves are consciously aware of them, ③which feel unsettling to many people. Furthermore, personalized advertising can trap users in a narrow bubble, repeatedly showing them similar products and ④limiting their exposure to alternatives. Supporters counter that consumers who dislike targeted ads can simply ⑤adjust their privacy settings.

Psychologist John Suler proposed a concept called the online disinhibition effect, describing how people behave differently on the internet than they do face to face. Because usernames often hide real identities and screens create physical distance from others, individuals feel freer to express themselves without immediate social consequences. This freedom can be ①beneficial, allowing shy people to share honest feelings they would normally hesitate to reveal in person. However, the same anonymity frequently produces a ②darker outcome, encouraging users to post cruel comments they would never say to someone's face. ③Malicious remarks left under celebrities' photos or news articles illustrate how quickly this behavior can spread once a few users set the tone. Such comments often cause ④severe emotional harm to the people who receive them. Therefore, users must recognize that a screen does not erase moral responsibility, and platforms should ⑤weaken accountability rather than letting anonymity excuse harmful conduct.

Insomnia is ① rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues to race with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become ② chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature ③ depressed at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further ④ weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors ⑤ reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

Blue, for instance, is frequently used by financial and technology companies because it tends to evoke feelings of ①trust and stability. Green typically signals ②freshness or environmental responsibility, making it a popular choice for organic food brands. Despite these general patterns, cultural context matters significantly, since a color that suggests luck in one country might suggest ③mourning in another. Marketers who ④ignore these cultural differences risk sending ⑤intended messages to international audiences. For this reason, companies expanding into new markets often conduct extensive research before finalizing a logo's color scheme.

Three-dimensional printing technology is changing how products are designed and manufactured across many industries. Unlike traditional manufacturing, which often requires expensive molds and long production times, 3D printers can create ①simple objects directly from digital files within hours. This flexibility allows companies to produce small batches of customized products without the massive costs typically associated with mass production. Hospitals now use 3D printing to create prosthetic limbs tailored ②precisely to individual patients, while automakers use it to build lightweight parts that ③reduce vehicle weight. Small businesses, too, have benefited enormously, since the technology ④lowers the barrier to entry for entrepreneurs. However, experts caution that 3D printing still struggles to ⑤match the speed of mass production for extremely large orders.

The subscription economy refers to a business model in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. This model has expanded rapidly beyond entertainment platforms into areas such as clothing, food, and even transportation. One major reason for this growth is ___________, since subscribers no longer need to make repeated purchasing decisions once they sign up. Another reason is that companies benefit from predictable revenue, which allows them to plan production and marketing more efficiently than with one-time sales. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people to pay for services they barely use, quietly draining their monthly budgets.

In the days leading up to an endurance event, many athletes deliberately increase their carbohydrate intake while reducing training volume, a practice known as carbohydrate loading. The strategy is designed to maximize the amount of glycogen, the storage form of carbohydrate, packed into muscle tissue before competition begins. Because glycogen serves as the primary fuel source during prolonged, intense exercise, _______________. Sports nutritionists caution, however, that the timing and composition of meals matter as much as the total quantity of carbohydrate consumed, since eating unfamiliar foods immediately before competition can cause digestive discomfort.

A navigation app calculating a route rarely relies on distance alone; instead, it constantly weighs real-time traffic reports, past congestion patterns, and even data from other drivers' phones currently on the road. (A) Residents of these once-quiet neighborhoods have increasingly complained about the sudden surge of unfamiliar traffic, arguing that the algorithm can end up creating a new problem for the wider community. (B) The convenience comes at a cost that few passengers consider, however, since redirecting thousands of drivers onto the same shortcut can make a quiet side street as congested as the highway it was meant to help travelers avoid. (C) This flood of information allows the app to reroute a driver away from a sudden accident within seconds, often before the driver has any idea the accident occurred at all.

Not all environmental changes happen at the same steady pace. (A) A well-known example involves melting Arctic ice, which exposes darker ocean water that absorbs more sunlight and speeds up further melting in a self-reinforcing cycle. (B) Once this kind of threshold is crossed, reversing the damage becomes extremely difficult, which is why scientists consider identifying these points an urgent priority. (C) Some changes accumulate slowly and predictably, while others can suddenly accelerate once a critical threshold, known as a tipping point, is crossed.

주어진 문장: In reality, however, that "original" price was sometimes never actually charged to any customer. Retailers frequently rely on sales events to boost short-term revenue, but the psychology behind these promotions is more complex than simple discounting. ( ① ) When a price is crossed out and replaced with a lower number, consumers instinctively perceive the new price as a bargain. ( ② ) This technique, known as anchoring, shapes how shoppers judge value by comparing prices rather than evaluating a product on its own merits. ( ③ ) Limited-time sales further intensify this effect, since a ticking clock encourages rushed decisions that leave little room for careful comparison. ( ④ ) Retailers also use phrases such as "while supplies last" to suggest scarcity, even when inventory remains plentiful. ( ⑤ ) Over time, frequent sales can actually train customers to wait for discounts rather than buy at full price.