영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

As more businesses move their operations online, cyberattacks ①have become one of the most serious threats facing modern companies. Hackers now target everything from small retail websites to massive financial institutions, ②stealing sensitive data or demanding ransom payments. These specialists design systems ③that detect suspicious activity, patch vulnerabilities before criminals can exploit them, and train employees to recognize phishing attempts. Unlike many technical fields, cybersecurity requires constant learning, ④since hackers continually develop new methods to bypass existing defenses. Universities have responded by creating specialized degree programs, while many companies now ⑤offers scholarships to attract students into this growing field.

Generation Z, typically defined as those born between the late 1990s and early 2010s, approaches shopping quite differently from previous generations. ①Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products extensively online before making even small purchases. Unlike older generations, ②who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z prioritize a company's values. They also tend to favor secondhand and resale platforms, ③viewing sustainability as an important factor rather than an afterthought. Peer recommendations ④shared through short videos frequently ⑤carries more weight than traditional celebrity endorsements, since viewers see these creators as relatable rather than distant figures.

Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers ①tend to spend more and recommend products to others. Companies invest significant resources in loyalty programs, ②offering points, discounts, and exclusive access to encourage repeat purchases. Genuine loyalty, critics contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers, not through artificial incentives that merely ③delays a customer's departure. Furthermore, excessive focus on retaining existing customers can cause companies ④to neglect innovation, since they assume loyal buyers will continue purchasing regardless of improvements. Relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately ⑤backfire.

When people encounter solid scientific evidence about climate change, we might expect them to accept it without hesitation. However, many individuals still dismiss or downplay such evidence, and psychologists explain this pattern through a concept called motivated reasoning. Motivated reasoning refers to _______________. For example, a person whose livelihood depends on the fossil fuel industry may unconsciously search for reasons to doubt climate data, even while claiming to value scientific accuracy. This happens because accepting uncomfortable facts can threaten a person's sense of self or demand costly lifestyle changes. Therefore, simply presenting more data rarely persuades a committed skeptic. Instead, experts suggest connecting climate information to values the person already holds, such as family safety or economic stability, so that acceptance feels natural rather than threatening.

Exercise does far more than strengthen muscles and the heart; it also produces measurable changes within the brain itself. During sustained physical activity, the body releases a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which supports the growth of new neurons and strengthens connections between existing ones, particularly in regions associated with memory and learning. Studies comparing physically active students to sedentary peers have repeatedly found that _______________, even when the exercise session ends well before the test begins. Researchers believe that exercise increases blood flow to the brain, delivering oxygen and nutrients more efficiently, while also reducing levels of stress hormones that can interfere with clear thinking.

Modern sports wearables, from wrist-worn fitness trackers to smart insoles, continuously collect data that would once have required a laboratory to measure. (A) However, the flood of data has also created a new challenge, since distinguishing a meaningful pattern from ordinary daily fluctuation requires expertise that many amateur athletes simply do not have. (B) Coaches use this constant stream of information to detect early warning signs of overtraining, sometimes noticing a decline in performance before the athlete consciously feels tired. (C) Because of this, many teams now rely on wearable data as a routine part of daily monitoring, checking it as automatically as they once checked a stopwatch.

Imagine two factories making the same product: one in a country with strict carbon rules, and one in a country with almost none. (A) However, critics claim it unfairly burdens developing countries, which often lack money to modernize factories quickly. For example, a small exporter in a poorer nation might struggle to pay the added charge, though it contributes little to global emissions. Still, if wealthier nations pair the policy with technical support, it could become a genuinely fair tool for cutting emissions worldwide. (B) Supporters argue that the system protects domestic industries and pushes foreign manufacturers toward cleaner methods. (C) The factory facing stricter rules often spends more, which can make its goods pricier than those made elsewhere. To fix this imbalance, some governments have introduced the carbon border adjustment mechanism, a policy charging imported goods a fee based on how much carbon was released while producing them.

Many people who try digital detox for the first time report feeling anxious within the first few hours. (A) This initial discomfort, sometimes called withdrawal anxiety, tends to fade after a day or two as the mind adjusts to reduced stimulation. (B) Once that adjustment period passes, most participants describe a noticeable sense of calm that they had not expected. (C) This unexpected calm often motivates people to repeat the practice regularly instead of treating it as a one-time experiment.

Opening most camera apps today reveals a row of filters that can smooth skin, brighten eyes, and reshape a jawline before a photo is even taken, all powered by AI models trained to recognize facial features in real time. (A) Psychologists have grown concerned about a specific consequence of this shift: people increasingly compare their unfiltered reflection in a mirror to a filtered version of themselves seen constantly on a screen. (B) What began as a playful novelty has become a default setting for many users, subtly adjusting nearly every selfie posted online. (C) Some social media platforms have responded by labeling heavily edited photos or banning certain filters that alter body shape.

Because the keyboard nudges people toward its own suggestions, some linguists worry that autocomplete may be quietly narrowing everyday vocabulary. Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun guessing what word comes next. ( ① ) This feature relies on a language model trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates above the keyboard, saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day. ( ② ) The system also adapts to each individual, gradually learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would recognize. ( ③ ) This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users notice. ( ④ ) This small habit, choosing a convenient suggestion rather than searching for the more precise or original word one might otherwise have chosen, can add up over years of daily use. ( ⑤ )