영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Choice architecture refers to how decisions are ①designed. It determines which option is automatically selected unless a person chooses otherwise, ②known as the default option. Research consistently shows that people tend to stick with whatever is already set, even when changing it takes only seconds. Organ donation is a well-known example. Countries ③which citizens are automatically registered as donors unless they opt out show much higher donation rates than opt-in countries. Retirement savings programs show a similar pattern, since employees ④automatically enrolled in a pension plan rarely cancel it. Voluntary sign-ups, in contrast, often delay indefinitely. Critics argue that default options can be manipulated to benefit companies, so transparency about how defaults are chosen becomes essential, and supporters insist it should be designed ⑤to support people's long-term interests.

A growing number of people are practicing what is now called digital detox, the deliberate decision ①to stop using smartphones for a set period. Rather than checking notifications every few minutes, participants unplug for a weekend, a week, or sometimes even longer. Numerous studies suggest that this temporary withdrawal ②produce real benefits for both the mind and the body. First, attention spans ③fragmented by constant notifications gradually recover, allowing people to concentrate on single tasks for longer stretches. Second, avoiding screens before bedtime improves sleep quality, since blue light ④emitted by devices is known to disrupt natural sleep cycles. Third, people freed from their phones often rediscover the pleasure of face-to-face conversations ⑤that had been replaced by texting.

Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers tend to spend ①more and recommend products to others. However, some critics argue that these programs manipulate consumers into staying with a brand out of habit rather than genuine ②satisfaction. Genuine loyalty, they contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers, not through ③artificial incentives that merely delay a customer's departure. Furthermore, excessive focus on retaining existing customers can cause companies to ④neglect innovation, since they assume loyal buyers will continue purchasing regardless of improvements. Relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately ⑤succeed.

Sociologist Mark Granovetter introduced an idea that seems ①contradictory at first glance, known as the strength of weak ties. According to this theory, people who see each other only ②occasionally, called weak ties, often provide more valuable information than close friends or family members, who are considered strong ties. This happens because strong ties tend to share the same social circles and, therefore, already possess ③similar knowledge. Weak ties, in contrast, move within different networks, which allows them to introduce ideas or opportunities that would otherwise remain unknown. For example, a former classmate rarely contacted might mention a job opening unavailable through one's immediate circle. Social media platforms have made maintaining such connections remarkably ④harder, letting users keep hundreds of loose acquaintances active without frequent face-to-face meetings. Consequently, these platforms function as efficient channels through which weak ties continue delivering ⑤fresh opportunities that close relationships simply cannot offer.

The twenty-hour rule proposes that years of practice are not needed to become skilled at a new activity. Only about twenty hours of effort are needed to reach a ①worthless level. Unlike theories claiming true mastery requires ten thousand hours, this rule targets a more ②modest goal. That goal is simple competence for everyday use. According to supporters, practicing any new skill produces the ③fastest visible improvement, since a beginner has room to grow. Advocates emphasize that the twenty hours must be ④deliberate and focused, broken into short daily sessions rather than one long stretch. The hours should be aimed at fixing weaknesses rather than ⑤repeating what one already knows.

Online advertising algorithms analyze enormous amounts of user data to determine which products a person is most likely to purchase. As a result, the ads that appear on a person's screen often feel remarkably specific, sometimes referencing items browsed only minutes earlier. Supporters argue that this level of precision benefits consumers by reducing exposure to irrelevant advertisements and highlighting products they genuinely need. Critics, however, worry that constant exposure to tailored ads can encourage unnecessary spending, since algorithms are specifically designed to identify and exploit individual weaknesses. Because these algorithms operate largely without public oversight, few consumers fully understand how their personal data shapes what they eventually buy. Greater transparency, many experts argue, would ___________.

Implementation intentions have become one of the most widely studied tools in behavioral psychology for helping people reach their goals. (A) Unlike a vague goal such as "I will exercise more," an implementation intention specifies both the situation that triggers the behavior and the exact action that follows. (B) Because the decision has already been made in advance, people no longer need to rely on willpower at the critical moment when the temptation to skip arises. (C) For example, a person might decide, "If it is seven in the morning, then I will put on my running shoes immediately," rather than simply hoping to find time to exercise.

주어진 문장: In short, Fogg's model reminds us that ease of action, not sheer willpower, drives lasting behavior change. Many people believe that building a new habit requires strong willpower or motivation. ( ① ) However, psychologist BJ Fogg argues that habits form more easily when a behavior itself becomes simple to perform. ( ② ) His theory, called the Fogg Behavior Model, states that a behavior happens only when motivation, ability, and a prompt occur together. When motivation is low, the task must be made extremely easy, or it will not happen at all. ( ③ ) For instance, a person who wants to exercise daily succeeds more often by committing to one push-up than to a long workout. Fogg calls this idea the law of least effort, since people naturally choose the option requiring the least energy. ( ④ ) A student who wants to read more might leave a book open on the desk rather than setting a vague goal. By lowering the required effort, people reduce the ability barrier and make steady action far more achievable. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: In other words, working longer hours does not necessarily lead to better results if that time is spent in a low-energy state. For decades, productivity advice has focused almost entirely on managing time efficiently, yet many experts now argue this approach overlooks something important. ( ① ) This alternative approach, known as energy management, suggests that controlling personal energy matters more than controlling the clock. ( ② ) Unlike time, which flows at a constant rate, human energy naturally rises and falls in cycles shaped by sleep, food, and mental fatigue. ( ③ ) A person who tackles difficult tasks during a low-energy period, for instance, may need two hours to finish what takes thirty minutes at peak energy. ( ④ ) Similarly, someone who forces themselves to keep working without rest often produces careless mistakes that require additional time to correct later. ( ⑤ ) Advocates of energy management recommend identifying one's peak hours and reserving them for demanding work, while saving low-energy periods for routine tasks.

주어진 문장: Every choice, from filters to captions, is carefully calculated to create a favorable impression on viewers. Sociologist Erving Goffman argued that people constantly perform for others, much like actors managing their image on a stage, a concept known as impression management. ( ① ) This idea applies vividly to social media, where users select flattering photos and delete posts that might damage their reputation. ( ② ) Such careful curation allows people to present an idealized version of themselves that emphasizes achievements while hiding struggles or ordinary moments. ( ③ ) However, when this performance becomes constant, a troubling gap can form between one's authentic self and the polished character displayed online. ( ④ ) Maintaining that gap requires considerable emotional energy, and studies suggest it often leads to anxiety and exhaustion. ( ⑤ ) Furthermore, comparing one's own carefully staged life to others' equally staged posts can distort what people believe is normal. Therefore, individuals should recognize that some self-presentation online is inevitable, but they must also protect space where imperfection is allowed to remain visible.