영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Imagine a cafeteria where a healthy salad sits at eye level while fried snacks rest on a low shelf. Nobody is ①forbidden from choosing the snacks, yet most people quietly pick the salad instead. This simple technique illustrates a nudge, a concept from behavioral economics that ②gently guides people toward better choices without restricting their freedom. Companies and governments ③increasingly apply nudges to encourage sustainable consumption. For example, some hotels print reminders on towels stating that most guests reuse them, which ④persuades new guests to do the same and save water. Similarly, energy bills that compare a household's usage with that of efficient neighbors often lead people to reduce electricity use. Unlike strict regulations or heavy taxes, nudges rely on ⑤obvious changes in design rather than force. Critics argue nudges alone cannot solve large environmental problems, but combined with stronger policies, they can meaningfully shift everyday habits toward sustainability.

Have you ever felt a ①boring class lasted forever while an exciting weekend disappeared in an instant? This common experience reflects what psychologists call the distortion of time perception: subjective time can differ from actual clock time. Researchers explain that people who focus intensely on an enjoyable activity process fewer separate moments, so time seems to pass ②slowly. In contrast, bored or anxious people pay ③closer attention to each moment, making time feel as though it is dragging. When people become deeply ④engaged in a task, they often lose track of time, unaware of how many minutes have passed. For example, athletes and musicians often say that hours felt like minutes while they were fully ⑤absorbed in performance.

Influencer marketing has become one of the most powerful tools that companies use to reach young consumers. Unlike traditional advertisements, which often feel distant and impersonal, posts created by influencers seem more like advice from a trusted friend. This sense of closeness, built through years of sharing daily life online, makes followers more willing to trust product recommendations than ordinary commercials. For example, a skincare brand promoted by a popular lifestyle influencer can sell out within hours simply because her audience believes her opinions are honest. Consumers are becoming more ①careless, checking whether reviews are sponsored before making a purchase. In the end, influencer marketing works best when it ②stays ③grounded in ④authenticity rather than mere ⑤popularity.

Opening most camera apps today reveals a row of filters that can smooth skin, brighten eyes, and reshape a jawline before a photo is even taken. What began as a playful novelty has become a default setting for many users, subtly adjusting nearly every selfie posted online. Psychologists have grown concerned about a specific consequence of this shift: _______________. Some social media platforms have responded by labeling heavily edited photos or banning certain filters that alter body shape.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Breaking the bystander effect requires more than good intentions; it requires concrete action from those who witness cruelty online. (A) Simply reporting an abusive post to platform moderators, for example, can remove harmful content before it spreads further. (B) Even small gestures, such as privately messaging the victim with words of support, can reduce the isolation that targets of cyberbullying often feel. (C) Both of these actions demonstrate that individual witnesses possess more power to help than the bystander effect leads them to believe.

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and restarts during sleep, often because the muscles at the back of the throat relax too much and block the airway. (A) Doctors therefore rely less on a patient's own account of the night and more on objective measurements, such as overnight oxygen levels and airflow patterns recorded in a sleep laboratory. (B) Each pause can last from a few seconds to over a minute, and it may occur dozens of times in a single night without the sleeper ever waking up fully. (C) Because these interruptions rarely produce a clear memory the next morning, many people remain unaware that anything is wrong, even as chronic fatigue, headaches, and irritability build up over months.

Skipping a proper warm-up before intense exercise might seem like a harmless way to save a few minutes, but the practice carries real physiological costs. (A) Gradually raising body temperature through light activity, however, increases blood flow to the muscles and helps nerve signals travel faster between the brain and the muscle fibers. (B) A cold muscle, after all, is stiffer and less elastic than a warm one, making it considerably more prone to strains and tears when suddenly asked to contract forcefully. (C) For this reason, coaches treat warm-up routines not as optional preparation but as an essential part of training itself.

Climate change is often described as a challenge that affects the entire planet equally, yet a closer look reveals a more complicated picture. (A) Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, which contributed comparatively little, frequently suffer the most severe droughts and floods. This gap between responsibility and suffering raises a serious ethical question that science alone cannot answer. (B) However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are distributed unevenly across the globe. (C) For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or flown on a plane. Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

The concept of energy management has gained popularity among workplace researchers who study how people sustain productivity throughout the day. (A) For this reason, experts recommend that people identify the hours when they naturally feel most alert and schedule their most demanding tasks during those windows. (B) Unlike time, which passes at the same rate for everyone, personal energy fluctuates throughout the day depending on factors such as sleep and nutrition. (C) Simple or repetitive tasks, on the other hand, can be handled during low-energy periods without much loss in quality.