영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Fast fashion refers to cheap, trendy clothing ①produced quickly and replaced almost as fast as it is bought. Because these garments are ②designed to be worn only a few times, huge amounts of fabric end up in landfills every year, and the dyeing process pollutes rivers near factories. In contrast, a growing number of brands are turning toward the circular economy, an economic model in which materials are ③reused, repaired, or recycled instead of being thrown away after a single use. For example, some companies collect old clothes, break down the fibers, and weave them into new fabric, while others let customers ④to rent outfits for special occasions rather than buying garments they will barely wear. These approaches keep resources ⑤circulating within the system longer, reducing demand for raw materials. Therefore, shifting from a throwaway habit toward a circular one may be essential for making the fashion industry sustainable.

The subscription economy refers to a business model ①in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. One major reason for this growth is convenience, since subscribers no longer need ②to make repeated purchasing decisions once they sign up. Another reason is that companies benefit from predictable revenue, ③what allows them to plan production and marketing more efficiently than with one-time sales. For example, a monthly clothing subscription delivers new outfits automatically, ④saving customers the time and effort of shopping in stores. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people ⑤to pay for services they barely use.

For centuries, dreams have ①fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a ②safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to ③ignore responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's ④information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has been ⑤conclusively proven.

Smartphones, tablets, and computer screens all emit a significant amount of blue light, a short-wavelength light that our eyes are especially sensitive to. During the day, exposure to blue light from the sun helps keep us ①drowsy and mentally sharp, which is generally beneficial. At night, however, the same wavelength can interfere with the body's natural preparation for sleep. Specialized cells in the retina detect blue light and send signals to the brain's internal clock, ②suppressing the release of melatonin, the hormone that signals it is time to rest. Studies have found that people who scroll through their phones in bed before sleeping take longer to fall asleep and experience ③lighter, more easily disrupted sleep than those who avoid screens. Some devices now offer a night mode that shifts the display toward ④warmer tones, reducing blue light output in the evening. While this feature may help slightly, sleep researchers generally recommend limiting screen use altogether in the hour before bedtime for the best ⑤results.

Three-dimensional printing technology is changing how products are designed and manufactured across many industries. Unlike traditional manufacturing, which often requires expensive molds and long production times, ___________. This flexibility allows companies to produce small batches of customized products without the massive costs typically associated with mass production.

ESG management refers to a company's efforts to consider Environmental, Social, and Governance factors alongside profit when making business decisions. Investors increasingly rely on ESG ratings to judge whether a company is managed responsibly and sustainably over the long term. Recently, however, many corporations have learned to boost their ESG scores without genuinely transforming their operations. Some firms publish glossy reports filled with impressive statistics while their actual carbon emissions barely decline, exploiting the fact that ESG evaluation systems still lack consistent global standards. This gap between appearance and substance has led critics to demand stricter, more transparent criteria for measuring corporate responsibility. Genuine ESG management, in contrast, requires _______________. Investors who wish to identify truly responsible companies should therefore examine detailed disclosures instead of trusting labels alone.

In the days leading up to an endurance event, many athletes deliberately increase their carbohydrate intake while reducing training volume, a practice known as carbohydrate loading. The strategy is designed to maximize the amount of glycogen, the storage form of carbohydrate, packed into muscle tissue before competition begins. Because glycogen serves as the primary fuel source during prolonged, intense exercise, _______________. Sports nutritionists caution, however, that the timing and composition of meals matter as much as the total quantity of carbohydrate consumed, since eating unfamiliar foods immediately before competition can cause digestive discomfort.

Influencer marketing has become one of the most powerful tools that companies use to reach young consumers. Unlike traditional advertisements, which often feel distant and impersonal, posts created by influencers seem more like advice from a trusted friend. This sense of closeness, built through years of sharing daily life online, makes followers more willing to trust product recommendations than ordinary commercials. For example, a skincare brand promoted by a popular lifestyle influencer can sell out within hours simply because her audience believes her opinions are honest. However, this trust can be exploited when influencers promote products they have never actually tried. As a result, several countries now require influencers to clearly disclose paid partnerships before posting sponsored content. Consumers are becoming more cautious, checking whether reviews are sponsored before making a purchase. In the end, influencer marketing ___________.

주어진 문장: Few shoppers realize how deliberately these small details are arranged to influence their behavior. Retailers use a variety of techniques designed to encourage customers to make unplanned purchases. ( ① ) Placing small, inexpensive items near checkout counters, for example, tempts shoppers who are already waiting in line with little else to do. ( ② ) Online stores achieve a similar effect through countdown timers that create a false sense of urgency, suggesting that a deal will vanish within minutes. ( ③ ) Bright colors, cheerful music, and pleasant scents are also carefully chosen to put customers in a relaxed mood. ( ④ ) Critics argue that these tactics exploit human psychology rather than genuinely informing consumers about a product's value. ( ⑤ ) Supporters of the industry insist that such techniques merely make shopping more enjoyable.

That two- or three-hour gap may look modest on paper, but its effects accumulate quickly, touching everything from mood to memory. Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. ( ① ) Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. ( ② ) Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. ( ③ ) The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. ( ④ ) It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show improved grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. ( ⑤ ) Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and contentious process.