영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many companies now advertise themselves as environmentally responsible, yet a growing number of these claims ①turn out to be misleading. This practice, known as greenwashing, ②occurs when a business spends more effort marketing its products as eco-friendly than actually reducing environmental harm. A company might launch a recycled-packaging line while ③continuing to pollute rivers through its main factories, creating a false impression of genuine change. Such tactics deceive well-intentioned consumers who wish to shop responsibly but ④lacks the tools to verify corporate claims. In contrast, truly sustainable businesses publish detailed, independently verified data about their emissions and supply chains, ⑤allowing outsiders to check their progress.

Online advertising algorithms analyze enormous amounts of user data ①to determine which products a person is most likely to purchase. Every click, search, and pause while scrolling provides information that these systems use ②to refine future advertisements. Supporters argue that this level of precision benefits consumers by ③reducing exposure to irrelevant advertisements and highlighting products they genuinely need. Critics, however, worry that constant exposure to tailored ads can encourage unnecessary spending, since algorithms ④is specifically designed to identify and exploit individual weaknesses. Greater transparency, many experts argue, would allow consumers ⑤to make more informed decisions about their own online behavior.

Automation is transforming labor markets more quickly than economists predicted only a decade ago. Factories once staffed by hundreds of workers now rely on robotic arms ①that assemble products with remarkable precision. Warehouses use automated systems ②to sort and deliver packages within a few hours. This shift does not simply eliminate jobs; it also creates roles that ③never exists before. Technicians who maintain robotic equipment are now in high demand, and engineers who design efficient systems ④are highly valued. Policymakers argue that retraining programs ⑤are essential to help displaced workers move into emerging fields.

Among strategies for improving ①concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely recommended methods for students and workers. This technique involves working with full attention for twenty-five minutes, then taking a short five-minute break before starting the next session. After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes is usually taken to allow mental ②recovery. The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental ③fatigue from building up. Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more ④manageable. Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes ⑤more tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment than beginning an entire project.

When a price is crossed out and replaced with a lower number, consumers instinctively perceive the new price as a ①loss, even if the original price was rarely charged. Limited-time sales further ②intensify this effect, since a ticking clock encourages rushed decisions that leave little room for careful comparison. Retailers also use phrases such as "while supplies last" to suggest ③scarcity, even when inventory remains plentiful. Over time, frequent sales can actually train customers to wait for discounts rather than buy at full price, which can ④hurt long-term profits. Despite this risk, many companies continue relying on sales events because the short-term boost in customer traffic usually ⑤outweighs the potential downside.

To ①compensate for their carbon emissions, many individuals and companies now purchase carbon offsets, financial credits that fund projects such as planting trees or building renewable energy plants. The idea is ②unappealing: paying for an equivalent amount of carbon to be absorbed elsewhere should cancel out the harm caused by activities like flying. However, critics argue that this system often functions as a convenient excuse for postponing ③genuine emission cuts rather than achieving them. For example, a newly planted forest may take decades to absorb the promised carbon, and it could later burn down or be cut, erasing any benefit. Moreover, some offset projects would have happened anyway, meaning the credits fund nothing truly ④additional. Experts insist that offsetting should complement, not replace, direct reductions in fossil fuel use if the strategy is to remain ⑤credible.

Secondhand trading platforms, once considered a niche market for used goods, have grown into a mainstream part of consumer culture. Rising prices for new products, combined with growing awareness of environmental waste, have encouraged many shoppers to consider used items before purchasing something brand new. These platforms allow individuals to sell clothing, electronics, and furniture directly to other consumers, cutting out traditional retail markups entirely. However, buying secondhand carries certain risks, since items cannot always be inspected closely before purchase, and some sellers misrepresent the condition of their products. To address this problem, many platforms now offer buyer protection programs and detailed rating systems for sellers. As trust in these systems continues to grow, ___________.

Climate change is often described as a challenge that affects the entire planet equally, yet a closer look reveals a more complicated picture. (A) Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, which contributed comparatively little, frequently suffer the most severe droughts and floods. This gap between responsibility and suffering raises a serious ethical question that science alone cannot answer. (B) However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are distributed unevenly across the globe. (C) For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or flown on a plane. Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

Travelers who cross several time zones in a single flight often arrive feeling exhausted, foggy, and strangely out of sync with the local clock, a condition widely known as jet lag. (A) The discomfort arises because the body's internal clock, which governs sleep, hunger, and alertness, continues to run on the schedule of the departure city even after landing, and realigning it typically takes about one day for every time zone crossed. (B) Flying eastward tends to produce more severe symptoms than flying westward, because advancing the internal clock forward is generally harder for the body than delaying it. (C) Exposure to natural light at the right moments after arrival can help speed up the adjustment, since light is the strongest external cue the internal clock uses to reset itself.

In other words, the body keeps a running total rather than resetting each day. Sleep debt refers to the cumulative gap between the amount of sleep a person needs and the amount they actually get. ( ① ) Unlike a financial debt, however, this deficit cannot simply be repaid with a single long weekend of rest. ( ② ) When someone loses two hours of sleep every night for a week, the body does not treat the shortage as fourteen separate small losses; instead, it accumulates the deficit, and the resulting impairment in attention and mood can resemble that of a person who has been awake for an entire night. ( ③ ) Researchers have found that even modest, chronic sleep restriction gradually impairs reaction time and decision-making, often without the affected person noticing the decline. ( ④ ) This is because subjective feelings of tiredness tend to plateau after a few days, even as objective performance keeps deteriorating. ( ⑤ ) Consequently, people frequently underestimate how much sleep debt they are carrying until a demanding task suddenly exposes the accumulated cost.