영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

A navigation app calculating a route rarely relies on distance alone; instead, it constantly weighs real-time traffic reports, past congestion patterns for that time of day, and even data from other drivers' phones ①currently on the road. This flood of information allows the app ②to reroute a driver away from a sudden accident within seconds, often before the driver has any idea the accident ③occurring at all. The convenience comes at a cost that few passengers consider, however. When thousands of drivers are simultaneously ④redirected onto the same shortcut, that quiet side street can quickly become as congested as the highway it was meant to help travelers avoid. Residents of these once-quiet neighborhoods have increasingly complained about the sudden surge of unfamiliar traffic, ⑤arguing that an algorithm optimizing for individual convenience can end up creating a new problem.

Psychologist Roy Baumeister proposed a concept ①called ego depletion theory, which suggests that willpower functions like a muscle that gradually tires after repeated use. According to this theory, every act of self-control, from resisting a snack to concentrating on difficult homework, ②draws from the same limited mental resource. As this resource becomes depleted throughout the day, later decisions ③require more effort and are more likely to fail. For instance, someone who exercises discipline avoiding distractions all morning may struggle ④to resist checking a phone by evening. Likewise, dieters report that self-control weakens sharply at night, after hours of resisting food. Some researchers argue that short breaks, adequate sleep, and blood sugar levels can help restore this depleted resource. Although later studies have questioned how strong this effect is, the theory still ⑤offer a useful framework for understanding why willpower seems to fade throughout a long day.

The framing effect ①describe how people respond differently to the same information depending on how it is presented, even when the underlying facts remain unchanged. When news outlets describe climate change primarily as a looming crisis, ②filled with images of disasters and warnings of irreversible damage, audiences often react with fear or, paradoxically, with hopeless resignation. In contrast, when the same issue is framed as an opportunity, ③emphasizing innovative technologies and emerging green jobs, readers tend to feel more motivated to act and support policy change. Neither framing alone tells the complete story, since climate change genuinely involves both serious risks and promising solutions. Therefore, journalists who rely too heavily on either extreme risk ④distorting public understanding and discouraging meaningful engagement. A balanced approach, ⑤which honestly presents dangers while highlighting realistic paths forward, is far more likely to sustain long-term public attention and inspire lasting action.

For decades, athletes were taught to stretch a muscle and hold the position before any competition, ①believing that this practice alone would prevent injury. Recent research, however, has complicated that assumption considerably. Static stretching, in which a muscle ②is held at its longest length for an extended period, can actually reduce the muscle's ability to generate explosive force immediately afterward. Dynamic stretching, which involves controlled, repeated movement through a joint's full range of motion, ③appears to prepare muscles for activity without this temporary weakening effect. As a result, many coaches now recommend ④to save static stretching for after a workout, when it may help restore muscle length and reduce soreness, while ⑤reserving dynamic movements for the warm-up period before intense effort begins.

Adaptive learning apps promise something no traditional classroom can easily offer: a lesson plan that adjusts itself to each individual student in real time. As a student answers practice questions, the app ①tracks which concepts are mastered and which remain shaky, then quietly reshuffles the next set of problems to target the weaker areas. Early studies suggest that this ②personalized pacing can help struggling students catch up faster than a one-size-fits-all worksheet ever could. However, critics ③caution that an app cannot replace the encouragement, humor, and flexibility a human teacher brings to a lesson, especially when a student is frustrated rather than simply behind. There is also a subtler concern: students who grow used to ④instant, algorithm-generated feedback may struggle later with the slower, more ambiguous kind of feedback that real-world tasks and mentors typically provide, which could ⑤strengthen their ability to handle uncertainty outside the app.

Artificial intelligence has begun to play a surprising role in creative industries once thought to be uniquely human. Some artists ①welcome this technology, using AI tools to explore new styles or overcome creative blocks that once took weeks to resolve. Others, however, argue that AI-generated art ②lacks the emotional depth that comes from genuine human experience. Despite this debate, most experts agree that AI is unlikely to fully ③replace artists anytime soon. Instead, it functions best as a collaborative tool, helping creators experiment ④faster while leaving final artistic decisions to humans. Therefore, artists who learn to work alongside AI may find themselves with a distinct ⑤disadvantage in this rapidly changing industry.

Sleep debt refers to the ①cumulative gap between the amount of sleep a person needs and the amount they actually get. Unlike a financial debt, however, this deficit cannot simply be ②repaid with a single long weekend of rest. When someone loses two hours of sleep every night for a week, the body does not treat the shortage as fourteen separate small losses; instead, it ③accumulates the deficit, and the resulting impairment in attention and mood can resemble that of a person who has been awake for an entire night. Researchers have found that even modest, chronic sleep restriction gradually impairs reaction time and decision-making, often without the affected person noticing the decline. This is because subjective feelings of tiredness tend to plateau after a few days, even as objective performance keeps deteriorating. Consequently, people frequently ④underestimate how much sleep debt they are carrying until a demanding task suddenly exposes the ⑤diminished cost.

During sleep, the brain does not simply rest; it actively reorganizes the day's experiences into lasting memories through a process called consolidation. Newly formed memories are initially fragile and stored primarily in a brain region called the hippocampus, which has limited long-term capacity. While a person sleeps, particularly during the deep stages of non-REM sleep, neural activity replays these fresh memory traces in rapid, compressed sequences, gradually transferring the information to the cortex for more durable, long-term storage. This replay strengthens the connections between neurons that encoded the original experience, making the memory more resistant to interference from unrelated events the following day. Sleep researchers have demonstrated this effect experimentally: participants who slept after learning a list of word pairs recalled more items the next day than participants who remained awake instead. Crucially, the benefit was not limited to simple recall; sleep also seemed to help participants extract general patterns from the material, suggesting that _______________.

Even small adjustments, such as dimming the lights an hour before bedtime, can make this environment noticeably more sleep-friendly. Sleep hygiene refers to a set of simple daily habits that help the body prepare for consistent, restorative rest. ( ① ) Experts commonly recommend going to bed and waking up at the same time every day, even on weekends, because an irregular schedule confuses the body's internal clock and makes it harder to fall asleep on demand. ( ② ) They also advise reserving the bedroom for sleep alone, since using the bed to study, scroll through a phone, or watch videos teaches the brain to associate that space with wakeful activity rather than rest. ( ③ ) Physical environment matters as well: a cool, dark, and quiet room tends to produce deeper sleep than one that is warm, bright, or noisy. ( ④ ) None of these individual habits guarantees a good night's sleep on its own, but together they form a routine that gradually trains the body to expect and enter sleep more easily, much the way a consistent set of cues trains an athlete's body to perform at a certain time each day. ( ⑤ )

Genetic potential, in other words, is merely a starting point, never a finished product. Scientists have identified certain gene variants that appear more frequently among elite endurance athletes than among the general population, along with a separate set that seems to favor explosive, power-based sports such as sprinting. ( ① ) One frequently studied variant, for instance, influences the proportion of slow-twitch versus fast-twitch muscle fibers a person naturally develops, a ratio that shapes whether a body leans toward endurance or explosive power. ( ② ) However, researchers caution strongly against interpreting these findings as evidence that athletic greatness is simply inherited. ( ③ ) Even athletes who carry every favorable variant identified so far still require years of disciplined training to translate that genetic potential into actual performance, and many elite competitors lack some of these supposedly advantageous variants altogether. ( ④ ) Genetics may set a rough ceiling on an individual's ultimate potential, but where any particular athlete lands within that range depends overwhelmingly on training quality, nutrition, coaching, and sheer determination. ( ⑤ )