영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

After a strenuous workout, muscle fibers experience thousands of microscopic tears, and the body immediately begins a repair process ①that ultimately makes the muscle stronger than it was before. This repair depends heavily on amino acids, the building blocks that protein ②supplying, which is why sports scientists recommend consuming protein within a couple of hours after training. Waiting too long to eat can slow recovery, since a muscle's sensitivity to amino acids gradually ③declines once that window closes. Many athletes assume that eating an enormous quantity of protein in a single sitting will speed up this process, but the body can only use a limited amount at once; the rest is simply ④burned for energy or stored as fat. For this reason, nutritionists generally advise ⑤spreading moderate portions of protein evenly across several meals throughout the day rather than saving it all for one large post-workout meal.

For centuries, dreams have fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully ①explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, ②replays difficult events in a safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, ③allowing the brain to rehearse responses to threats without any real danger. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery ④arising as the mind sorts through the day's information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has ⑤been conclusively proven.

When people discuss climate change, they often focus only on rising temperatures or melting ice, ①treating it as a purely scientific issue. However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are ②distributed unevenly across the globe. Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, ③which contributed comparatively little, frequently suffer the most severe droughts and floods. This gap between responsibility and suffering ④raises a serious ethical question that science alone cannot answer. For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or ⑤flying on a plane. Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

Value-based consumption refers to the practice of spending money on products or experiences ①that align with a person's personal beliefs, even if cheaper alternatives exist. Some critics dismiss this approach as impractical, ②arguing that most people cannot afford to prioritize ethics over affordability in daily life. However, supporters point out that value-based spending does not require constant sacrifice; it often means ③buying fewer, higher-quality items rather than accumulating cheap goods that wear out quickly. This shift also encourages companies ④improve their practices, since consumer demand increasingly rewards transparency and responsibility. For example, a clothing brand that openly shares its supply chain information may attract loyal customers ⑤willing to pay slightly more.

Many people believe that building a new habit requires strong willpower or motivation. However, psychologist BJ Fogg argues that habits form more ①easily when a behavior itself becomes simple to perform. His theory, called the Fogg Behavior Model, states that a behavior happens only when motivation, ability, and a prompt occur together. When motivation is ②low, the model suggests, the task must be made extremely ③difficult, or it will not happen at all. For instance, a person who wants to exercise daily succeeds more often by committing to one push-up than to a long workout. Fogg calls this idea the law of ④least effort, since people naturally choose the option requiring the least energy. A student who wants to read more might leave a book open on the desk rather than setting a vague goal. By lowering the required effort, people reduce the ability barrier and make steady action far more ⑤achievable.

A flexitarian is someone who mainly eats plant-based meals but occasionally includes meat or fish, unlike a ①strict vegetarian who avoids animal products entirely. This flexible diet has recently ②lost attention as a practical way to fight climate change, since raising livestock produces a ③significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cattle, in particular, release large amounts of methane, a gas far more powerful than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. By replacing just a few meat-based meals each week with vegetables, grains, or legumes, individuals can ④noticeably shrink their carbon footprint without giving up meat completely. Nutritionists also emphasize that flexitarian eating is easier to maintain than full vegetarianism, because it allows flexibility rather than demanding absolute discipline. Therefore, many environmental groups now promote flexitarianism as a ⑤realistic first step, believing that gradual change, rather than sudden restriction, is more likely to spread widely across society.

Before making a purchase, most online shoppers now read reviews written by previous customers rather than relying solely on advertisements. These reviews, posted by people who have no financial connection to the seller, often seem more trustworthy than promotional claims. Research shows that products with a large number of positive reviews sell significantly more than those with few or no reviews at all. However, fake reviews written by paid writers or even automated programs have become a serious problem, undermining consumer trust. Platforms that fail to detect these fraudulent posts risk losing credibility with their users, who expect authentic opinions when making decisions. To address this issue, several review platforms have begun using artificial intelligence to identify suspicious patterns. Ultimately, the power of online reviews ___________.

Highlighting an awkward sentence and instantly seeing three smoother alternatives has become a routine part of writing for many students, thanks to AI writing assistants built into word processors and browsers. (A) Concerns grow, however, around the tone and phrasing suggestions, which can gradually nudge every student's writing toward a similar, polished style. (B) Teachers generally welcome the grammar and spelling support, since it frees up class time to focus on argument and structure rather than comma placement. (C) These tools check grammar and spelling, of course, but the more advanced versions go further, suggesting clearer phrasing, flagging repetitive words, and even adjusting tone depending on the purpose.

주어진 문장: At first, this seemed like a small, sentimental gesture with little business value. Years ago, a small shoe company struggled to compete with larger, well-funded rivals in the market. ( ① ) Its products were solid, but customers rarely remembered the brand after a single purchase. One day, the founder decided to share the story behind the company: how her grandfather had once repaired shoes for factory workers who could not afford new pairs. She began printing this story on every shoebox and posting it across social media. ( ② ) Surprisingly, customers started responding not just to the shoes themselves but to the values the story represented. ( ③ ) Sales slowly increased as people felt they were supporting something meaningful rather than simply buying a product. ( ④ ) Other companies noticed this shift and began crafting their own narratives, hoping to create similar emotional connections. ( ⑤ ) Eventually, the founder realized that a compelling story, told honestly, could turn ordinary customers into loyal supporters.

Yet the number displayed each morning is only as good as the estimate behind it. Wearable devices that track sleep have become enormously popular, promising a detailed breakdown of light, deep, and REM sleep each night. ( ① ) These gadgets typically rely on movement sensors and heart rate monitors to estimate sleep stages, since directly measuring brain activity would require equipment found only in a sleep laboratory. ( ② ) This indirect approach, however, introduces significant uncertainty. ( ③ ) Independent studies comparing wearable data with polysomnography, the gold-standard method used in clinical sleep labs, have found that consumer devices are reasonably accurate at distinguishing sleep from wakefulness but considerably less reliable at identifying specific sleep stages. ( ④ ) Some trackers overestimate deep sleep, while others underestimate the amount of time spent in REM sleep, and the margin of error can vary widely between brands. ( ⑤ ) Despite these limitations, many users have come to treat the nightly score generated by their device as an objective medical verdict, sometimes experiencing anxiety when the number falls below what they expect, a phenomenon researchers have begun calling orthosomnia.