영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many companies today advertise their products as environmentally friendly, yet not all of these claims are accurate. This practice, ①knowing as greenwashing, involves exaggerating or fabricating a product's positive impact on the environment. Consumers, ②who are increasingly concerned about climate change, often trust such claims without questioning them closely. As a result, they may pay higher prices for products ③that are no more sustainable than ordinary alternatives. Genuine environmental efforts, which usually ④require significant investment and long-term planning, are far more costly than simply changing a label. Therefore, governments should establish clear standards ⑤that require companies to prove their environmental claims with verifiable data.

Years ago, a small shoe company ①struggled to compete with larger, well-funded rivals in the market. One day, the founder decided to share the story behind the company: how her grandfather had once repaired shoes for factory workers ②who could not afford new pairs. Surprisingly, customers started responding not just to the shoes themselves but to the values the story represented. Sales slowly increased as people felt they ③was supporting something meaningful rather than simply buying a product. Other companies noticed this shift and began crafting their own narratives, ④hoping to create similar emotional connections. Eventually, the founder realized that a compelling story, ⑤told honestly, could turn ordinary customers into loyal supporters.

Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers tend to spend more and recommend products to others. Companies invest significant resources in loyalty programs, offering points, discounts, and exclusive access to encourage repeat purchases. However, some critics argue that these programs manipulate consumers into staying with a brand out of habit rather than genuine satisfaction. Genuine loyalty, they contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers, not through artificial incentives that merely delay a customer's departure. As markets become more competitive, relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately backfire. Therefore, companies should treat loyalty ___________.

Before making a purchase, most online shoppers now read reviews written by previous customers rather than relying solely on advertisements. These reviews, posted by people who have no financial connection to the seller, often seem more trustworthy than promotional claims. Research shows that products with a large number of positive reviews sell significantly more than those with few or no reviews at all. However, fake reviews written by paid writers or even automated programs have become a serious problem, undermining consumer trust. Platforms that fail to detect these fraudulent posts risk losing credibility with their users, who expect authentic opinions when making decisions. To address this issue, several review platforms have begun using artificial intelligence to identify suspicious patterns. Ultimately, the power of online reviews ___________.

Jiho had always assumed he would join a large corporation after graduation, just as his parents expected. During his final year of university, however, he joined a small student team building an app that connected local farmers directly with restaurants. After nearly failing twice, the team secured a small investment that allowed them to hire their first employee. Looking back, Jiho believes that ___________.

The subscription economy refers to a business model in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. This model has expanded rapidly beyond entertainment platforms into areas such as clothing, food, and even transportation. One major reason for this growth is ___________, since subscribers no longer need to make repeated purchasing decisions once they sign up. Another reason is that companies benefit from predictable revenue, which allows them to plan production and marketing more efficiently than with one-time sales. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people to pay for services they barely use, quietly draining their monthly budgets.

The rise of green jobs illustrates how environmental policy can reshape entire industries. (A) However, critics note that shifting from fossil fuel jobs to green jobs is not always straightforward, since the two require different sets of skills. (B) These positions, ranging from solar panel installation to energy-efficient building design, have grown especially fast in countries investing heavily in renewable energy. (C) To address this gap, governments are introducing training programs that help workers transition smoothly between industries.

Not all obstacles to renewable energy are technical or financial; some are psychological. (A) In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem risky compared with doing nothing. For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly postpone a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on designing programs that make the first step feel easy. (B) Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the present situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. (C) This bias helps explain why many households hesitate to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels safe and requires no immediate effort.

Daniel's career reflects how much the space industry has changed since he was a child. (A) As a result, he came to believe that opportunities in space exploration were no longer limited to a small number of government scientists. (B) By the time he entered university, private companies had begun launching satellites and building reusable rockets. (C) This shift eventually led him to join a startup developing lunar landing equipment, a job that barely existed when he first imagined his future.

주어진 문장: Interestingly, this principle was first observed in government offices, where paperwork seemed to multiply regardless of actual workload. Time-management researchers frequently mention a principle known as Parkinson's Law, which states that work expands to fill the time available for its completion. ( ① ) According to this idea, a task that could be finished in one hour will often stretch to fill an entire afternoon if that much time is scheduled for it. ( ② ) Students who set vague deadlines frequently experience this effect, spending extra hours refining a report that was already complete. ( ③ ) Employees given a full week for a simple project may also delay meaningful progress until the final days, even though the actual work requires far less effort. ( ④ ) This pattern happens partly because people unconsciously adjust their pace to match perceived urgency. ( ⑤ ) Setting shorter, more specific deadlines can counter this tendency, forcing tasks to fit within a tighter and more realistic window. By recognizing how flexible time encourages unnecessary delay, individuals can complete assignments more efficiently without sacrificing quality.