영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Smart speakers have quietly become a fixture in many households, ①responding to spoken requests for weather updates, music, or kitchen timers. Behind this simple exchange lies a complex process: the device converts sound waves into text, interprets the meaning using language models, and then generates a spoken reply, all within a second or two. Because these assistants improve by ②learning from millions of interactions, they gradually become better at recognizing regional accents and casual phrasing that once confused them. Still, the technology remains far from perfect. Background noise, overlapping voices, or an unusual sentence structure can cause the assistant ③misunderstanding a simple request, sometimes with amusing results. Engineers continue to refine these systems, but many admit that truly natural conversation, the kind ④that flows without repeated commands or awkward pauses, ⑤remains one of the hardest goals in the entire field of artificial intelligence.

Highlighting an awkward sentence and instantly seeing three smoother alternatives has become a routine part of writing for many students, thanks to AI writing assistants ①built into word processors and browsers. These tools check grammar and spelling, of course, but the more advanced versions go further, ②suggesting clearer phrasing, flagging repetitive words, and even adjusting tone to sound more formal or more casual depending on the purpose. Teachers generally welcome the grammar and spelling support, since it ③frees up class time to focus on argument and structure rather than comma placement. Concerns grow, however, around the tone and phrasing suggestions, which can gradually ④nudge every student's writing toward a similar, polished style. Some schools have begun asking students ⑤submit an early draft alongside the final version, specifically to preserve evidence of a student's own original voice.

As consumers become more aware of global social and environmental issues, many now expect companies ①to take responsibility beyond simply selling products. This expectation has given rise to ethical consumption, in which shoppers consider factors such as fair wages, humane treatment of animals, and environmental sustainability before making purchases. Companies that ignore these concerns risk public backlash, especially when unethical practices are exposed through investigative journalism or social media. Some corporations have responded by publishing detailed sustainability reports, though critics ②questions whether these documents reflect genuine change or merely serve as public relations tools. Real accountability, according to many experts, ③requires independent verification rather than self-reported claims that cannot be easily checked. Consumers, for their part, must also ④remain vigilant, since a company's marketing language does not always ⑤match its actual practices.

Melatonin is a hormone produced by a small gland deep within the brain, and its release follows a remarkably ①unpredictable daily pattern. Levels stay low throughout the bright hours of the day, begin rising in the evening as darkness falls, peak in the middle of the night, and then ②decline again as morning approaches. This rhythm is controlled primarily by light: specialized cells in the eye detect brightness and send signals that either permit or suppress melatonin production, which is why exposure to bright screens late at night can ③delay its release and make falling asleep more difficult. Unlike some hormones that directly cause the body to perform a task, melatonin does not force sleep to occur; instead, it signals to the rest of the body that night has arrived, preparing various systems to shift into a ④lower-energy state. Because of this signaling role, taking melatonin supplements at the wrong time can shift a person's internal clock in the ⑤opposite direction from what was intended.

As governments and companies work to address climate change, a new category of employment known as green jobs has ①expanded rapidly. Unlike many traditional industrial jobs, green jobs often require workers to combine technical training with an understanding of environmental science. Countries that have invested heavily in renewable energy have seen employment in this sector grow far ②faster than in the economy overall. Young workers, in particular, are drawn to green careers because they offer a sense of purpose alongside financial ③stability. Critics point out that transitioning workers from fossil fuel industries to green jobs can be surprisingly ④easy, since the required skills can differ significantly. Governments are therefore introducing training programs designed to help such workers shift ⑤smoothly into renewable energy careers.

Have you ever noticed that an unfinished task keeps returning to your mind long after you stopped working? This phenomenon was first noticed by psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik, who saw that waiters remembered unpaid orders better than paid ones. Her observation led to what is now called the Zeigarnik effect: ___________. According to this theory, the mind maintains mental tension until a task reaches closure, keeping the unfinished task active in memory.

Opening most camera apps today reveals a row of filters that can smooth skin, brighten eyes, and reshape a jawline before a photo is even taken. What began as a playful novelty has become a default setting for many users, subtly adjusting nearly every selfie posted online. Psychologists have grown concerned about a specific consequence of this shift: _______________. Some social media platforms have responded by labeling heavily edited photos or banning certain filters that alter body shape.

The term green premium _______________. For example, an electric vehicle or solar-powered appliance often carries a higher price tag than its gasoline-powered or coal-based counterpart, even though it produces fewer emissions over time. This price gap frequently discourages shoppers who support sustainability in principle but cannot justify the additional expense within a limited household budget. In contrast, wealthier consumers can absorb the premium more easily, which creates unequal participation in green markets. To narrow this gap, governments have introduced subsidies and tax credits that lower upfront costs, while companies invest in research to make clean technologies cheaper to manufacture. As production scales up and innovation continues, many economists expect the green premium to shrink steadily, eventually making sustainable choices the more affordable option for most consumers.

As climate change accelerates, investors around the world are paying closer attention to how companies affect the environment and society. (A) Recently, however, many corporations have learned to boost their ESG scores without genuinely transforming their operations. Some firms publish glossy reports filled with impressive statistics while their actual carbon emissions barely decline, exploiting the fact that ESG evaluation systems still lack consistent global standards. (B) ESG management refers to a company's efforts to consider Environmental, Social, and Governance factors alongside profit when making business decisions. Investors increasingly rely on ESG ratings to judge whether a company is managed responsibly and sustainably over the long term. (C) This gap between appearance and substance has led critics to demand stricter, more transparent criteria for measuring corporate responsibility. Genuine ESG management, in contrast, requires measurable targets, independent audits, and long-term accountability rather than one-time donations or attractive slogans. Investors who wish to identify truly responsible companies should therefore examine detailed disclosures instead of trusting labels alone.

This is precisely why an experienced athlete returning after an injury often regains sharp form faster than a complete beginner ever could. Anyone who has ridden a bicycle after a decade away from one has likely experienced muscle memory firsthand: the body seems to recall a complex skill almost instantly, even when conscious memory of the exact movements has faded. ( ① ) Contrary to what the name suggests, muscles themselves do not actually store memories; the phenomenon originates in the brain and nervous system, where repeated practice gradually shifts control of a well-learned movement from regions associated with conscious thought to areas that operate largely automatically. ( ② ) This shift explains why a skilled athlete can execute a complicated sequence of movements without consciously thinking through each individual step, freeing mental attention for strategy and decision-making instead. ( ③ ) Interestingly, research also suggests that these neural pathways can remain partially intact even after long periods without practice, which is why relearning a skill is typically much faster than learning it for the very first time. ( ④ ) Coaches often exploit this principle by ensuring that fundamental techniques are practiced correctly from the very beginning. ( ⑤ )