영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many companies now advertise themselves as environmentally responsible, yet a growing number of these claims ①turn out to be misleading. This practice, known as greenwashing, ②occurs when a business spends more effort marketing its products as eco-friendly than actually reducing environmental harm. A company might launch a recycled-packaging line while ③continuing to pollute rivers through its main factories, creating a false impression of genuine change. Such tactics deceive well-intentioned consumers who wish to shop responsibly but ④lacks the tools to verify corporate claims. In contrast, truly sustainable businesses publish detailed, independently verified data about their emissions and supply chains, ⑤allowing outsiders to check their progress.

Anyone who has ridden a bicycle after a decade away from one has likely ①experiencing muscle memory firsthand: the body seems to recall a complex skill almost instantly, even when conscious memory of the exact movements has faded. Contrary to what the name suggests, muscles themselves do not actually store memories; the phenomenon originates in the brain and nervous system, where repeated practice gradually ②shifts control of a well-learned movement from regions associated with conscious thought to areas that operate largely automatically. This shift explains why a skilled athlete can ③execute a complicated sequence of movements without consciously thinking through each individual step, freeing mental attention for strategy and decision-making instead. Interestingly, research also suggests that these neural pathways can remain partially intact even after long periods without practice, which is why relearning a skill is typically much ④faster than learning it for the very first time. Coaches often exploit this principle by ⑤ensuring that fundamental techniques are practiced correctly from the very beginning.

Elite athletes rarely walk up to a free throw line or a golf ball without first performing a highly specific sequence of movements, a habit sports psychologists call a pre-performance routine. Far from being mere superstition, this consistent sequence serves a genuine cognitive purpose. Repeating the same physical and mental steps before every attempt ①broadens an athlete's focus toward distracting thoughts about outcome or crowd noise and away from the specific technical cues needed to execute the skill correctly. Researchers have found that athletes who follow a consistent routine tend to show ②more stable performance under pressure than those who approach each attempt differently. The routine essentially functions as a trigger, cuing the body to shift ③automatically into a familiar, well-rehearsed state. For this reason, coaches now ④actively teach young athletes to develop and rehearse individualized routines rather than treating them as ⑤personal quirks.

Setting a goal such as 'I will study harder' rarely leads to ①meaningful improvement. According to psychologists Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, ②specific and challenging goals produce far better performance than vague or easy ones. This idea, known as goal-setting theory, suggests that ③clear targets direct attention and sustain effort over time. To apply this theory effectively, many educators recommend the SMART framework, which requires goals to be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. For instance, a student following this framework might say, 'I will memorize thirty new words every week for two months.' Because the goal includes a clear number and a deadline, progress becomes easy to ④track and evaluate. Challenging goals also tend to increase motivation, since people often work harder when a target feels meaningfully ⑤easy rather than trivially simple.

Choice architecture refers to how decisions are designed. It determines which option is automatically selected unless a person chooses otherwise, known as the default option. Research consistently shows that ___________, even when changing it takes only seconds. Organ donation is a well-known example. Countries where citizens are automatically registered as donors unless they opt out show much higher donation rates than opt-in countries. Retirement savings programs show a similar pattern, since employees automatically enrolled in a pension plan rarely cancel it. Voluntary sign-ups, in contrast, often delay indefinitely. Critics argue that default options can be manipulated to benefit companies rather than individuals, so transparency about how defaults are chosen becomes essential. Still, supporters insist that because some default must always exist, it should support people's own long-term interests rather than mere institutional convenience.

Not all obstacles to renewable energy are technical or financial; some are psychological. (A) In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem risky compared with doing nothing. For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly postpone a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on designing programs that make the first step feel easy. (B) Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the present situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. (C) This bias helps explain why many households hesitate to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels safe and requires no immediate effort.

The two-minute rule offers a simple but powerful strategy for anyone who struggles to begin a new habit. (A) Once the habit of showing up regularly is established, the duration or intensity of the activity can gradually increase without much resistance. (B) The idea behind this rule is that most people quit a new habit not because the activity itself is difficult, but because starting feels intimidating. (C) By reducing a habit to something as simple as reading one page or doing one push-up, the initial hesitation to begin nearly disappears.

주어진 문장: This memory advantage occurs because the brain treats an open task as unresolved business that deserves continued attention. Have you ever noticed that an unfinished task keeps returning to your mind long after you stopped working? ( ① ) This phenomenon was first noticed by psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik, who saw that waiters remembered unpaid orders better than paid ones. ( ② ) Her observation led to what is now called the Zeigarnik effect: people remember incomplete tasks more vividly than completed ones. ( ③ ) According to this theory, the mind maintains mental tension until a task reaches closure, keeping the unfinished task active in memory. ( ④ ) Once the task is completed, the tension is released, and the mind lets go of the details. This effect explains why students often think about unsolved homework even during unrelated activities like eating dinner. It also explains why writing down an incomplete plan can reduce anxiety, since a note serves as temporary closure. Teachers sometimes use this principle, leaving lessons purposely unfinished to encourage students to keep thinking about the material. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This difference in regulation can create an uneven playing field between the two factories, since one operates under far tighter restrictions than the other. Imagine two factories making the same product: one in a country with strict carbon rules, and one in a country with almost none. ( ① ) The factory facing stricter rules often spends more, which can make its goods pricier than those made elsewhere. ( ② ) To fix this imbalance, some governments have introduced the carbon border adjustment mechanism, a policy charging imported goods a fee based on how much carbon was released while producing them. ( ③ ) Supporters argue that the system protects domestic industries and pushes foreign manufacturers toward cleaner methods. ( ④ ) However, critics claim it unfairly burdens developing countries, which often lack money to modernize factories quickly. ( ⑤ ) For example, a small exporter in a poorer nation might struggle to pay the added charge, though it contributes little to global emissions. Still, if wealthier nations pair the policy with technical support, it could become a genuinely fair tool for cutting emissions worldwide.

주어진 문장: She was surprised at how little willpower this required once the routine became familiar. Minji had tried for years to build a bedtime reading habit but always forgot once under the blanket. ( ① ) During summer, she found a method called habit stacking. It means attaching a new habit to an existing one so it acts as a reminder. ( ② ) Her existing habit was brushing her teeth every night, so she decided to place her book beside her toothbrush. ( ③ ) After brushing her teeth, she would pick up the book, letting one action trigger the next. ( ④ ) Within two weeks, opening the book after brushing felt almost automatic, requiring no conscious effort. ( ⑤ ) Encouraged by this success, Minji stacked another habit onto her morning routine, reviewing vocabulary words after making her bed.