영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

문제 1

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that ①keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues ②to racing with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, ③releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further ④weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than ⑤relying on medication alone.

문제 2

Modern sports wearables, from wrist-worn fitness trackers to smart insoles embedded in running shoes, continuously collect data that would once have required a laboratory to measure. Heart rate, sleep quality, running cadence, and even subtle changes in gait can now be ①monitored during ordinary daily activity rather than only in a controlled clinical setting. Coaches use this constant stream of information to detect early warning signs of overtraining, sometimes noticing a decline in performance ②after the athlete consciously feels tired. However, the flood of data has created a new challenge: distinguishing a meaningful pattern from ordinary daily fluctuation requires expertise that many amateur athletes simply ③do not have. Some researchers worry that casual users may misinterpret a single unusual reading as a serious problem, leading to ④needless anxiety rather than useful insight. For this reason, most experts recommend treating wearable data as a general trend to observe over time, not as a precise ⑤diagnostic tool.

문제 3

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. During non-REM sleep, especially its deepest stage, the brain waves ①slow down dramatically, the body temperature drops, and tissue repair and growth hormone release reach their peak. This is the period most closely associated with physical ②restoration. REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements, near-total muscle paralysis, and brain activity that closely resembles wakefulness. Most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage, and researchers believe it plays a central role in ③ignoring memories and processing emotional experiences. A healthy night typically cycles through both stages four or five times, with non-REM dominating the early hours and REM periods ④lengthening toward morning. Disrupting either stage, through frequent awakenings or alcohol use, can leave a person feeling ⑤unrested even after a full night in bed.

문제 4

Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally ①shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to ②impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to ③unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show ④worsened grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and ⑤contentious process.

문제 5

When people discuss climate change, they often focus only on rising temperatures or melting ice, treating it as a purely scientific issue. However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are distributed ①evenly across the globe. Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the ②largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, which contributed comparatively little, frequently suffer the most ③severe droughts and floods. This gap between responsibility and suffering raises a serious ④ethical question that science alone cannot answer. For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or flown on a plane. Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands ⑤fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

문제 6

Mira grew up in a small village where fishing and farming had sustained her family for generations. (A) International organizations, however, still struggle to agree on how to protect people like her, since climate migrants are not officially recognized as refugees under current law. (B) Mira missed her old house terribly, yet she slowly began to build a new life in the crowded city, learning to adapt just as her ancestors once had. (C) When the sea finally swallowed the rice paddies that had fed her village for generations, her parents decided that staying was no longer possible. Together with many neighbors, they packed what little they could carry and moved inland, becoming what experts now call climate migrants, people forced to abandon their homes because of rising seas, droughts, or other disasters. This term, rarely used a decade ago, has become increasingly common as extreme weather displaces communities worldwide.

문제 7

Not all obstacles to renewable energy are technical or financial; some are psychological. (A) In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem risky compared with doing nothing. For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly postpone a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on designing programs that make the first step feel easy. (B) Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the present situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. (C) This bias helps explain why many households hesitate to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels safe and requires no immediate effort.

문제 8

Shoppers use it to find where an item seen on the street can be purchased, while students use it to identify plants, insects, or historical artworks in seconds. Instead of typing keywords into a search bar, a growing number of people now simply upload a photo and let an algorithm figure out what it contains. ( ① ) This process, known as reverse image search, compares the visual patterns in a picture against a massive database, identifying everything from a landmark in the background to the exact model of a pair of sneakers. ( ② ) The system works by breaking an image down into countless small features, such as edges, colors, and shapes, then matching that pattern against millions of stored examples. ( ③ ) It is not flawless, however. ( ④ ) A blurry photo, an unusual camera angle, or an object partly hidden behind another can easily confuse the algorithm, leading to search results that have nothing to do with the original picture at all. ( ⑤ )

문제 9

In other words, what looks like a lack of discipline may actually be a biological mismatch. Across many countries, high schools begin classes early in the morning, often before eight o'clock. ( ① ) This schedule assumes that teenagers can simply go to bed earlier to compensate, but biology tells a different story. ( ② ) During adolescence, the body's internal clock shifts later, delaying the release of melatonin until well after ten at night. ( ③ ) As a result, most teenagers are not physiologically ready to fall asleep until much later than younger children or adults are, and when early start times force them to wake before their bodies have completed a full sleep cycle, the mismatch accumulates into a chronic sleep debt that affects concentration and mood throughout the school day. ( ④ ) Researchers who study this mismatch argue that the underlying problem is not laziness or poor discipline among students, but a scheduling system built around adult rhythms rather than adolescent ones. ( ⑤ ) Some school districts that delayed their start times by thirty minutes reported improvements in attendance.

문제 10

None of these explanations, in other words, has to be the whole story. For centuries, dreams have fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. ( ① ) One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. ( ② ) Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to rehearse responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. ( ③ ) Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. ( ④ ) Because these theories rest on indirect evidence rather than direct observation of subjective experience, none has been conclusively proven. ( ⑤ ) Many scientists now suspect that dreaming may serve several of these functions simultaneously rather than just one.