영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Some critics ①dismiss this approach as impractical, arguing that most people cannot afford to prioritize ethics over affordability in daily life. However, supporters point out that value-based spending does not require constant ②sacrifice; it often means buying fewer, higher-quality items rather than accumulating cheap goods that wear out quickly. This shift also encourages companies to improve their practices, since consumer demand increasingly rewards ③transparency and responsibility. For example, a clothing brand that openly shares its supply chain information may attract ④disloyal customers willing to pay slightly more. Ultimately, value-based consumption suggests that spending money is not merely an economic act but also a ⑤reflection of personal values.

Psychologist John Suler proposed a concept called the online disinhibition effect, describing how people behave differently on the internet than they do face to face. Because usernames often hide real identities and screens create physical distance from others, individuals feel freer to express themselves without immediate social consequences. This freedom can be ①beneficial, allowing shy people to share honest feelings they would normally hesitate to reveal in person. However, the same anonymity frequently produces a ②darker outcome, encouraging users to post cruel comments they would never say to someone's face. ③Malicious remarks left under celebrities' photos or news articles illustrate how quickly this behavior can spread once a few users set the tone. Such comments often cause ④severe emotional harm to the people who receive them. Therefore, users must recognize that a screen does not erase moral responsibility, and platforms should ⑤weaken accountability rather than letting anonymity excuse harmful conduct.

For centuries, dreams have ①fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a ②safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to ③ignore responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's ④information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has been ⑤conclusively proven.

Communication scholar Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann proposed the spiral of silence theory to explain why certain opinions ①dominate public discussion while others fade into invisibility. According to this theory, individuals constantly observe their surrounding environment to judge which opinions are widely accepted and which are not. When people sense that their own view belongs to a minority, they often choose to stay ②vocal rather than risk social isolation or criticism. This silence, however, creates a distorted impression that the minority opinion is even ③rarer than it actually is, discouraging additional supporters from speaking up. Over time, this cycle spirals downward, allowing the dominant opinion to appear increasingly ④unanimous while dissenting voices disappear from visible conversation. Social media platforms can intensify this spiral, since visibility metrics make popular opinions instantly ⑤noticeable while unpopular ones remain hidden.

Many people struggling to fall asleep in noisy environments turn to white noise machines, devices that emit a ①chaotic, uniform sound covering a broad range of frequencies. The appeal lies in a phenomenon called auditory masking, in which a constant background sound makes sudden noises, such as a slamming door, ②less noticeable to the sleeping brain. Without this masking effect, an abrupt change in sound is far more likely to trigger a brief awakening, even if the sleeper does not ③consciously remember it the next morning. Studies comparing sleep in quiet rooms with sleep alongside white noise have found that participants using white noise experienced fewer of these brief awakenings and reported feeling more ④rested. However, researchers caution that the benefit depends heavily on volume and consistency, since noise that is too loud or that varies unpredictably can itself become a source of ⑤disruption rather than a remedy.

Sociologists use the term homophily to describe the tendency of people to form connections with others who share similar backgrounds, opinions, or interests. This principle explains why classmates from the same major often become close friends, while coworkers with shared hobbies naturally gravitate toward one another. Because similarity reduces the effort required to understand another person's perspective, relationships built on shared traits tend to feel comfortable and require less negotiation. However, this same comfort can narrow the range of viewpoints someone encounters, since surrounding oneself with similar people limits exposure to different ideas. Social media platforms intensify this pattern through recommendation algorithms that suggest new friends based on shared interests or similar browsing history. As a result, users often find their online circles becoming increasingly homogeneous, filled with people who think and behave much like themselves. Recognizing this tendency _______________.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists who studied this bias found that ___________. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later prove far too optimistic once delays appear. One reason this bias persists is that people rarely review their history of missed deadlines, relying instead on hopeful imagination. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, comparing a new task to similar completed tasks. By anchoring predictions to real outcomes, planners can produce estimates that are considerably more accurate.

Generation Z, typically defined as those born between the late 1990s and early 2010s, approaches shopping quite differently from previous generations. Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products extensively online before making even small purchases. Unlike older generations, who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z prioritize a company's values, switching brands easily if one no longer matches their beliefs. They also tend to favor secondhand and resale platforms, viewing sustainability as an important factor rather than an afterthought. Peer recommendations shared through short videos frequently carry more weight than traditional celebrity endorsements. Businesses that fail to adapt to these preferences risk losing an entire generation of potential customers. Consequently, many companies now ___________.

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. (A) At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. (B) Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone. (C) A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues to race with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia.

Every day, email providers quietly block billions of unwanted messages before they ever reach a user's inbox, a task that would be impossible without an AI filtering system running constantly in the background. (A) This creates a constant back-and-forth, since spammers study which messages get blocked and then adjust their wording to slip through again. (B) The filter examines each incoming message for suspicious patterns, including certain keywords, unusual sender addresses, and formatting tricks that scammers commonly rely on to slip past detection. (C) What makes the system effective is that it keeps learning after launch, since a user's action of marking or rescuing a message becomes new training data.