영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Modern advertising increasingly relies on personal data ①collected from users' browsing habits, search histories, and social media activity. Companies argue that this approach benefits consumers by showing advertisements that are more relevant to their actual interests. However, many critics contend that this level of tracking raises serious concerns about privacy, since users rarely understand how extensively their behavior ②is being monitored. Some algorithms can predict purchasing decisions before consumers themselves are consciously aware of them, ③which feel unsettling to many people. Furthermore, personalized advertising can trap users in a narrow bubble, repeatedly showing them similar products and ④limiting their exposure to alternatives. Supporters counter that consumers who dislike targeted ads can simply ⑤adjust their privacy settings.

Choice architecture refers to how decisions are designed. It determines which option is automatically selected unless a person ①actively chooses otherwise, known as the default option. Research consistently shows that people tend to stick with whatever is already set, even when changing it takes only seconds. Organ donation is a well-known example. Countries where citizens are automatically registered as donors unless they opt out show ②much higher donation rates than opt-in countries. Retirement savings programs show a similar pattern, since employees automatically enrolled in a pension plan ③rarely cancel it. Voluntary sign-ups, in contrast, often delay indefinitely. Critics argue that default options can be manipulated to benefit companies rather than individuals, so transparency about how defaults are chosen becomes ④unnecessary. Still, supporters insist that because some default must always exist, it should support people's own long-term interests rather than mere ⑤institutional convenience.

Sociologist Mark Granovetter introduced an idea that seems ①contradictory at first glance, known as the strength of weak ties. According to this theory, people who see each other only ②occasionally, called weak ties, often provide more valuable information than close friends or family members, who are considered strong ties. This happens because strong ties tend to share the same social circles and, therefore, already possess ③similar knowledge. Weak ties, in contrast, move within different networks, which allows them to introduce ideas or opportunities that would otherwise remain unknown. For example, a former classmate rarely contacted might mention a job opening unavailable through one's immediate circle. Social media platforms have made maintaining such connections remarkably ④harder, letting users keep hundreds of loose acquaintances active without frequent face-to-face meetings. Consequently, these platforms function as efficient channels through which weak ties continue delivering ⑤fresh opportunities that close relationships simply cannot offer.

The rise of autonomous vehicles has created both excitement and anxiety within the transportation industry. (A) In particular, long-distance trucking jobs are expected to shrink significantly as autonomous trucks become more common on highways. (B) At the same time, entirely new positions are emerging, such as remote operators who monitor fleets of self-driving vehicles from control centers. (C) On one hand, many professional drivers fear that automation will eliminate the jobs they currently depend on.

None of these explanations, in other words, has to be the whole story. For centuries, dreams have fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. ( ① ) One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. ( ② ) Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to rehearse responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. ( ③ ) Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. ( ④ ) Because these theories rest on indirect evidence rather than direct observation of subjective experience, none has been conclusively proven. ( ⑤ ) Many scientists now suspect that dreaming may serve several of these functions simultaneously rather than just one.

주어진 문장: Because people naturally trust those with specialized knowledge, this technique can be remarkably persuasive. Advertisements often rely on subtle psychological techniques that persuade viewers without their conscious awareness. ( ① ) One common method, known as social proof, shows images of many people using or enjoying a product, suggesting that its popularity guarantees quality. ( ② ) Another technique appeals to authority, featuring experts or professionals endorsing a product to make it seem more credible and trustworthy. ( ③ ) Emotional appeals are equally common, connecting products with feelings such as happiness, nostalgia, or belonging rather than focusing on practical features. ( ④ ) Repetition also plays a significant role, since seeing the same advertisement multiple times increases familiarity, which people often mistake for reliability. ( ⑤ ) Researchers studying consumer behavior have found that viewers who understand these techniques are less easily influenced by them.

주어진 문장: This spreading of feelings was traditionally assumed to require physical cues like facial expressions or vocal tone. Have you ever noticed your mood shifting after scrolling through a friend's gloomy post online? ( ① ) This phenomenon, known as emotional contagion, refers to the tendency of one person's feelings to spread to others nearby, almost like a cold passing between classmates. ( ② ) Psychologists once studied this effect mainly through face-to-face interactions, such as tone of voice. ( ③ ) However, researchers have discovered that emotional contagion also occurs online, where only text or images are exchanged, without any physical presence at all. ( ④ ) For instance, when someone posts a negative comment beneath a cheerful photo, the comments that follow often turn noticeably more negative in tone. In contrast, a single kind comment can shift an entire thread toward positivity within minutes. ( ⑤ ) This suggests that emotions online spread through carefully chosen words alone. Consequently, many experts now argue that being mindful of what we post matters more than we typically assume.

주어진 문장: In contrast, downward comparison, which involves comparing oneself with someone worse off, can temporarily boost self-esteem instead. Psychologist Leon Festinger introduced social comparison theory, which explains that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves with others. ( ① ) According to this theory, individuals engage in upward comparison when they measure themselves against someone who appears more successful, attractive, or accomplished. ( ② ) Social media platforms, filled with carefully edited photos and exaggerated achievements, provide endless opportunities for this kind of comparison. ( ③ ) For instance, a teenager browsing vacation pictures posted by classmates may begin to feel that her own ordinary life is somehow inadequate. ( ④ ) Unlike comparing oneself with someone in a similar position, which can sometimes boost confidence, upward comparison frequently triggers envy, dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem. ( ⑤ ) Researchers have found that frequent upward comparison online is linked to higher depression and anxiety. Consequently, this theory helps explain why scrolling through social media often leaves users feeling worse rather than better about themselves.

주어진 문장: This fear of missing out, often shortened to FOMO, drives many shoppers to act faster than they normally would. Limited-edition products are goods that are released in small quantities for a short period of time. ( ① ) Many companies use this strategy because scarcity naturally increases how much people desire an item. ( ② ) When consumers believe that a product will disappear soon, they often feel pressured to buy it immediately rather than wait. ( ③ ) For instance, a sneaker company that releases only a few thousand pairs of a special design can generate long lines outside stores overnight. ( ④ ) However, this psychological pressure can lead to purchases that are driven by fear rather than genuine need. ( ⑤ ) As a result, some shoppers later regret spending money on products they rarely use afterward.

주어진 문장: The financial and reputational damage caused by a single attack can be enormous. As more businesses move their operations online, cyberattacks have become one of the most serious threats facing modern companies. ( ① ) Hackers now target everything from small retail websites to massive financial institutions, stealing sensitive data or demanding ransom payments. ( ② ) In response, demand for cybersecurity professionals has surged across nearly every industry. ( ③ ) These specialists design systems that detect suspicious activity, patch vulnerabilities before criminals can exploit them, and train employees to recognize phishing attempts. ( ④ ) Universities have responded by creating specialized degree programs, while many companies now offer scholarships to attract students into this growing field. ( ⑤ ) Despite this expansion, experts estimate that millions of cybersecurity positions worldwide remain unfilled.