영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

On a summer evening, downtown streets often ①feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly ②radiates it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings ③packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally ④stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, ⑤hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

When Minji was in ninth grade, she ①posted a joking comment mocking a classmate's photo, never imagining anyone would remember it later. Three years passed, and she nearly forgot the comment ②existed, buried among hundreds of old posts. Last spring, she applied to join her school's student council, ③hoping her leadership experience would impress the selection committee. During the interview, however, one teacher mentioned ④having seen an old, unkind comment under Minji's name while reviewing applicants' profiles. She understood that digital footprints rarely disappear completely, even when the original posts ⑤was removed, because screenshots and memories often outlast the content itself.

In recent years, mental health experts have ①identified a distinct emotional response to environmental crisis, commonly called eco-anxiety. Eco-anxiety describes persistent worry, grief, or fear ②triggered by awareness of climate change and its consequences for the future. Although people of all ages can experience it, teenagers and young adults seem especially vulnerable, since they ③anticipate living through decades of worsening conditions. Common symptoms include difficulty sleeping, a sense of hopelessness, and guilt over ordinary choices such as travel or diet. For example, some students report ④feeling paralyzed whenever they read alarming climate news, unable to focus on schoolwork or hobbies. However, experts emphasize that eco-anxiety is not a disorder to be eliminated but a natural reaction that can be channeled productively. Rather than avoiding the topic, young people are encouraged to join community projects, since taking constructive action tends to ⑤restoring a sense of control and ease overwhelming distress.

Mira had lived in a coastal village since birth, watching the tide creep closer to her family's doorstep every year. When the sea finally ①swallowed the rice paddies that had fed her village for generations, her parents decided that staying was no longer possible. Together with many neighbors, they packed what little they could carry and moved inland, becoming what experts now call climate migrants, people forced to ②abandon their homes because of rising seas, droughts, or other disasters. This term, rarely used a decade ago, has become increasingly ③common as extreme weather displaces communities worldwide. Mira missed her old house terribly, yet she slowly began to build a new life in the crowded city, learning to adapt just as her ancestors once had. International organizations, however, still ④manage to agree on how to protect people like her, since climate migrants are not officially ⑤recognized as refugees under current law.

Emotions can spread from one person to another without a single word being spoken face to face. (A) For example, a cheerful comment posted early in a thread often encourages later commenters to write in a similarly positive tone. (B) Recently, however, psychologists have found that this same spreading effect happens even online, through text and images alone. (C) This means that a single post can shape the emotional tone of an entire online conversation.

Climate change deniers often seem to ignore evidence that contradicts their views, and psychologists have a specific explanation for this behavior. (A) For example, someone whose job depends on fossil fuels may search for reasons to doubt the data, even while insisting that they respect science. (B) This concept, called motivated reasoning, describes how people process information in ways that protect their existing beliefs and lifestyles rather than pursue objective truth. (C) Rather than being a simple failure of intelligence, this pattern reflects a well-documented psychological tendency studied for decades.

주어진 문장: She had rehearsed exactly what she would say the moment their eyes finally met. Minji spent nearly every evening watching Jimin, an online creator who streamed cooking videos and chatted casually with her viewers. ( ① ) Over several months, Minji began to feel as though she truly knew Jimin, laughing at her jokes and worrying whenever she mentioned having a difficult week. ( ② ) Whenever Jimin responded to a comment, even a simple one, Minji felt a small thrill of connection, as if they were becoming closer friends. ( ③ ) One day, Minji excitedly waited outside a fan event, hoping that Jimin would recognize her from the countless messages she had sent. ( ④ ) However, Jimin greeted her the same way she greeted every other stranger in line, without any hint of personal recognition. ( ⑤ ) Standing there, Minji slowly realized that the bond she had imagined was entirely one-sided, existing only in her own mind. This type of connection, known as a parasocial relationship, can feel remarkably real despite never being mutual.

주어진 문장: This practice, sometimes described as superficial reporting, allows a company to appear responsible without actually reducing its environmental harm. ESG management refers to a company's efforts to consider Environmental, Social, and Governance factors alongside profit when making business decisions. ( ① ) Investors increasingly rely on ESG ratings to judge whether a company is managed responsibly and sustainably over the long term. ( ② ) Recently, however, many corporations have learned to boost their ESG scores without genuinely transforming their operations. ( ③ ) Some firms publish glossy reports filled with impressive statistics while their actual carbon emissions barely decline, exploiting the fact that ESG evaluation systems still lack consistent global standards. ( ④ ) This gap between appearance and substance has led critics to demand stricter, more transparent criteria for measuring corporate responsibility. ( ⑤ ) Genuine ESG management, in contrast, requires measurable targets, independent audits, and long-term accountability rather than one-time donations or attractive slogans. Investors who wish to identify truly responsible companies should therefore examine detailed disclosures instead of trusting labels alone.

주어진 문장: Over time, these short breaks stopped feeling like sacrifices and started feeling like small rewards. For most of last year, Junho refreshed his social media feed constantly, terrified of missing a party, a trending meme, or gossip among his friends. ( ① ) This restless anxiety, often called FOMO, or the fear of missing out, left him exhausted and strangely unsatisfied even after hours of scrolling. ( ② ) One weekend, his phone battery died during a hiking trip, and, to his surprise, he actually enjoyed the quiet afternoon without notifications interrupting his thoughts. ( ③ ) Curious about this unexpected calm, Junho began deleting social apps for a few hours each day, gradually extending the breaks as weeks passed. ( ④ ) Instead of dreading what he might be missing, he started noticing small pleasures, such as finishing a book or having an uninterrupted conversation with his family. ( ⑤ ) This shift in attitude reflects what psychologists now call JOMO, the joy of missing out, a mindset that treats disconnection as freedom rather than loss.

주어진 문장: In other words, the promised environmental benefit is far less certain than it first appears. To compensate for their carbon emissions, many individuals and companies now purchase carbon offsets, financial credits that fund projects such as planting trees or building renewable energy plants. ( ① ) The idea is appealing: paying for an equivalent amount of carbon to be absorbed elsewhere should cancel out the harm caused by activities like flying. ( ② ) However, critics argue that this system often functions as a convenient excuse for postponing genuine emission cuts rather than achieving them. ( ③ ) For example, a newly planted forest may take decades to absorb the promised carbon, and it could later burn down or be cut, erasing any benefit. ( ④ ) Moreover, some offset projects would have happened anyway, meaning the credits fund nothing truly additional. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, relying heavily on offsets allows businesses to maintain harmful practices while appearing responsible. Experts insist that offsetting should complement, not replace, direct reductions in fossil fuel use if the strategy is to remain credible.