영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without ①leaving a person groggy afterward. The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain ②to pass through the lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks ③waking during deep sleep, which produces a foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. Laboratory studies ④comparing napping and non-napping groups have repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most ⑤effectively.

Fast fashion refers to ①cheap, trendy clothing produced quickly and replaced almost as fast as it is bought. Because these garments are designed to be worn only a few times, huge amounts of fabric end up in landfills every year, and the dyeing process ②pollutes rivers near factories. In contrast, a ③growing number of brands are turning toward the circular economy, an economic model in which materials are reused, repaired, or recycled instead of being thrown away after a single use. For example, some companies ④collect old clothes, break down the fibers, and weave them into new fabric, while others let customers rent outfits for special occasions rather than buying garments they will barely wear. These approaches keep resources circulating within the system longer, ⑤increasing demand for raw materials. Therefore, shifting from a throwaway habit toward a circular one may be essential for making the fashion industry sustainable.

Insomnia is ①rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues to race with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become ②chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature ③depressed at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further ④weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors ⑤reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and restarts during sleep, often because the muscles at the back of the throat ①relax too much and block the airway. Each pause can last from a few seconds to over a minute, and it may occur dozens of times in a single night without the sleeper ever ②waking up fully. Because these interruptions rarely produce a clear memory the next morning, many people remain ③unaware that anything is wrong, even as chronic fatigue, headaches, and irritability build up over months. Doctors therefore rely less on a patient's own account of the night and more on ④subjective measurements, such as overnight oxygen levels and airflow patterns recorded in a sleep laboratory. Left untreated, the disorder has been linked to serious long-term risks, including high blood pressure and heart disease, which makes an accurate diagnosis far more ⑤urgent than its subtle nighttime symptoms might suggest.

For centuries, dreams have ①fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a ②safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to ③ignore responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's ④information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has been ⑤conclusively proven.

A navigation app calculating a route rarely relies on distance alone; instead, it constantly weighs real-time traffic reports, past congestion patterns, and even data from other drivers' phones currently on the road. This flood of information allows the app to reroute a driver away from a sudden accident within seconds. The convenience comes at a cost that few passengers consider, however. When thousands of drivers are simultaneously redirected onto the same shortcut, _______________, arguing that an algorithm optimizing for individual convenience can end up creating a new, entirely different problem for the wider community.

When the body fights off an infection, the immune system relies heavily on adequate sleep to function effectively. During deep sleep, the body produces and releases cytokines, proteins that help regulate immune responses and coordinate the fight against harmful invaders. People who consistently sleep fewer than six hours a night show measurably weaker antibody responses after vaccination compared with those who sleep seven or eight hours, suggesting that _______________. Chronic sleep deprivation also appears to promote low-grade inflammation throughout the body, a state that has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Rather than being a passive state, sleep functions as an active period during which the immune system repairs itself and prepares for future threats.

주어진 문장: This growing academic attention reflects how seriously the issue is now being taken. As companies collect enormous amounts of personal data to improve their products and target advertisements, serious ethical questions have emerged about how that information should be handled. ( ① ) Employees who work with big data now face responsibilities that previous generations rarely encountered, since a single careless decision can expose millions of people's private information. ( ② ) Some argue that strict regulations should govern data collection, even if such rules slow innovation and increase costs for businesses. ( ③ ) Others insist that self-regulation within companies, guided by clear ethical training, can protect consumers just as effectively without stifling progress. ( ④ ) Most experts agree that professionals handling sensitive data must be trained not only in technical skills but also in ethical decision-making. ( ⑤ ) Universities have begun adding data ethics courses to computer science programs, recognizing that future employees will need to balance innovation with responsibility.

주어진 문장: This difference in regulation can create an uneven playing field between the two factories, since one operates under far tighter restrictions than the other. Imagine two factories making the same product: one in a country with strict carbon rules, and one in a country with almost none. ( ① ) The factory facing stricter rules often spends more, which can make its goods pricier than those made elsewhere. ( ② ) To fix this imbalance, some governments have introduced the carbon border adjustment mechanism, a policy charging imported goods a fee based on how much carbon was released while producing them. ( ③ ) Supporters argue that the system protects domestic industries and pushes foreign manufacturers toward cleaner methods. ( ④ ) However, critics claim it unfairly burdens developing countries, which often lack money to modernize factories quickly. ( ⑤ ) For example, a small exporter in a poorer nation might struggle to pay the added charge, though it contributes little to global emissions. Still, if wealthier nations pair the policy with technical support, it could become a genuinely fair tool for cutting emissions worldwide.

주어진 문장: Unlike a rigid vegan diet, this approach does not require anyone to give up their favorite dishes completely. A flexitarian is someone who mainly eats plant-based meals but occasionally includes meat or fish, unlike a strict vegetarian who avoids animal products entirely. ( ① ) This flexible diet has recently gained attention as a practical way to fight climate change, since raising livestock produces a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. ( ② ) Cattle, in particular, release large amounts of methane, a gas far more powerful than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. ( ③ ) By replacing just a few meat-based meals each week with vegetables, grains, or legumes, individuals can noticeably shrink their carbon footprint without giving up meat completely. ( ④ ) Nutritionists also emphasize that flexitarian eating is easier to maintain than full vegetarianism, because it allows flexibility rather than demanding absolute discipline. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, many environmental groups now promote flexitarianism as a realistic first step, believing that gradual change, rather than sudden restriction, is more likely to spread widely across society.