영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without leaving a person ①refreshed afterward. The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain to pass through the ②lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks waking during deep sleep, which produces a ③foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. Laboratory studies comparing napping and non-napping groups have ④repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears ⑤strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most effective.

Wearable devices that track sleep have become ①enormously popular, promising a detailed breakdown of light, deep, and REM sleep each night. These gadgets typically rely on movement sensors and heart rate monitors to estimate sleep stages, since directly measuring brain activity would require equipment found only in a sleep laboratory. This ②indirect approach, however, introduces ③significant uncertainty. Independent studies comparing wearable data with polysomnography, the gold-standard method used in clinical sleep labs, have found that consumer devices are reasonably accurate at distinguishing sleep from wakefulness but considerably less reliable at identifying specific sleep stages. Some trackers overestimate deep sleep, while others underestimate the amount of time spent in REM sleep, and the margin of error can vary ④narrowly between brands. Despite these limitations, many users have come to treat the nightly score generated by their device as an ⑤objective medical verdict, sometimes experiencing anxiety when the number falls below what they expect, a phenomenon researchers have begun calling orthosomnia.

Insomnia is ①rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues to race with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become ②chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature ③depressed at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further ④weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors ⑤reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

When people encounter ①solid scientific evidence about climate change, we might expect them to accept it without hesitation. However, many individuals still ②dismiss or downplay such evidence, and psychologists explain this pattern through a concept called motivated reasoning. Motivated reasoning refers to the tendency to process information in a way that protects one's existing beliefs, identity, or lifestyle rather than to pursue objective truth. For example, a person whose livelihood depends on the fossil fuel industry may ③unconsciously search for reasons to doubt climate data, even while claiming to value scientific accuracy. This happens because accepting uncomfortable facts can ④protect a person's sense of self or demand costly lifestyle changes. Therefore, simply presenting more data ⑤rarely persuades a committed skeptic. Instead, experts suggest connecting climate information to values the person already holds, such as family safety or economic stability, so that acceptance feels natural rather than threatening.

Mira had lived in a coastal village since birth, watching the tide creep closer to her family's doorstep every year. When the sea finally ①swallowed the rice paddies that had fed her village for generations, her parents decided that staying was no longer possible. Together with many neighbors, they packed what little they could carry and moved inland, becoming what experts now call climate migrants, people forced to ②abandon their homes because of rising seas, droughts, or other disasters. This term, rarely used a decade ago, has become increasingly ③common as extreme weather displaces communities worldwide. Mira missed her old house terribly, yet she slowly began to build a new life in the crowded city, learning to adapt just as her ancestors once had. International organizations, however, still ④manage to agree on how to protect people like her, since climate migrants are not officially ⑤recognized as refugees under current law.

Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally ①shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to ②impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to ③unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show ④worsened grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and ⑤contentious process.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, prized for its ability to sharpen focus and fight off fatigue within minutes of consumption. It works by blocking adenosine, a chemical that gradually builds up in the brain throughout the day and makes us feel increasingly sleepy the longer we stay awake. By occupying the receptors that adenosine would normally bind to, caffeine tricks the brain into feeling alert even when the body has accumulated significant sleep pressure. The effects, however, last far longer than most people realize. Because caffeine can remain active in the bloodstream for five to six hours, a cup of coffee consumed in the late afternoon may still be interfering with the ability to fall asleep at midnight. Even when people do not consciously notice difficulty falling asleep, _______________. For this reason, many sleep specialists advise avoiding caffeine after early afternoon.

Many companies now advertise themselves as environmentally responsible, yet a growing number of these claims turn out to be misleading. This practice, known as greenwashing, _______________. A company might launch a recycled-packaging line while continuing to pollute rivers through its main factories, creating a false impression of genuine change. Such tactics deceive well-intentioned consumers who wish to shop responsibly but lack the tools to verify corporate claims. In contrast, truly sustainable businesses publish detailed, independently verified data about their emissions and supply chains, allowing outsiders to check their progress. Therefore, shoppers should look beyond vague labels like green or natural and instead search for recognized certifications, transparent reports, and measurable targets. Without such scrutiny, greenwashing will keep flourishing, undermining public trust and slowing the broader shift toward an economy that truly protects the planet.

주어진 문장: Word of their success quickly spread beyond the village's borders. A small riverside village had endured severe flooding almost every summer, watching helplessly as rising water damaged homes and destroyed crops year after year. ( ① ) Frustrated residents eventually decided to pursue climate adaptation, adjusting their infrastructure and habits to reduce the damage caused by increasingly unpredictable weather. ( ② ) Engineers widened the drainage canals surrounding the village, allowing excess rainwater to flow away more efficiently instead of pooling in low-lying streets. ( ③ ) Meanwhile, several families whose houses stood in the most vulnerable areas relocated to higher ground, even though leaving their long-time homes was emotionally difficult. The village also installed an early warning system that sent alerts to residents' phones whenever river levels rose dangerously fast. ( ④ ) When a powerful storm struck three years later, the new measures proved effective, and the village suffered only minor damage instead of the devastating losses it had previously faced. ( ⑤ ) Their resilience became a model for neighboring communities.

This happens because the eyes remain remarkably responsive to light even after darkness falls, cueing the brain that it is still daytime. Smartphones, tablets, and computer screens all emit a significant amount of blue light, a short-wavelength light that our eyes are especially sensitive to. ( ① ) During the day, exposure to blue light from the sun helps keep us alert and mentally sharp, which is generally beneficial. ( ② ) At night, however, the same wavelength can interfere with the body's natural preparation for sleep. ( ③ ) Specialized cells in the retina detect blue light and send signals to the brain's internal clock, suppressing the release of melatonin, the hormone that signals it is time to rest. ( ④ ) Studies have found that people who scroll through their phones in bed before sleeping take longer to fall asleep and experience lighter, more easily disrupted sleep than those who avoid screens. ( ⑤ ) Some devices now offer a night mode that shifts the display toward warmer tones, reducing blue light output in the evening. While this feature may help slightly, sleep researchers generally recommend limiting screen use altogether in the hour before bedtime for the best results.