영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When people consistently sleep too little, the body's hormonal balance shifts in ways that can quietly ①encourage weight gain. Two hormones in particular play opposing roles in regulating appetite: leptin signals fullness to the brain, while ghrelin ②stimulate the sensation of hunger. Studies show that sleep deprivation lowers leptin levels while raising ghrelin levels, so a tired body ends up ③feeling hungrier than it actually needs to be, even after a normal-sized meal. At the same time, insufficient sleep interferes with how efficiently the body processes glucose, making cells less responsive to insulin and ④leaving more sugar circulating in the bloodstream than usual. Over months or years, this combination of increased appetite and reduced insulin sensitivity can contribute to steady weight gain and ⑤raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. During non-REM sleep, especially its deepest stage, the brain waves slow down dramatically, the body temperature drops, and tissue repair and growth hormone release reach their peak. This is the period most closely associated with physical restoration. REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements, near-total muscle paralysis, and brain activity that closely resembles wakefulness. Most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage, and researchers believe _______________. A healthy night typically cycles through both stages four or five times, with non-REM dominating the early hours and REM periods lengthening toward morning. Disrupting either stage, through frequent awakenings or alcohol use, can leave a person feeling unrested even after a full night in bed.

Anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only maintain about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, which restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships are close or emotionally supportive. Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain largely unnoticed. Therefore, Dunbar's number reminds us that ___________.

Elite athletes rarely walk up to a free throw line or a golf ball without first performing a highly specific sequence of movements, a habit sports psychologists call a pre-performance routine. Far from being mere superstition, this consistent sequence serves a genuine cognitive purpose: repeating the same physical and mental steps before every attempt narrows an athlete's focus away from distracting thoughts and toward the specific technical cues needed to execute the skill correctly. Researchers have found that athletes who follow a consistent routine tend to show more stable performance under pressure than those who approach each attempt differently, because _______________. For this reason, coaches now actively teach young athletes to develop and rehearse individualized routines rather than treating them as personal quirks.

Jian wanted to become a reader for years, but every time he picked up a thick novel, he felt overwhelmed and quickly closed it. His cousin, who had read dozens of books that year, told him about something called the two-minute rule. This rule states that a new habit should be shrunk to under two minutes, since a smaller starting point ___________. Instead of committing to a full chapter each night, Jian promised himself only to open a book and read one page.

In the days leading up to an endurance event, many athletes deliberately increase their carbohydrate intake while reducing training volume, a practice known as carbohydrate loading. (A) Because glycogen serves as the primary fuel source during prolonged, intense exercise, entering an event with fuller stores can delay the point of exhaustion that runners often call hitting the wall. (B) Sports nutritionists caution, however, that the timing and composition of meals matter as much as the total quantity of carbohydrate consumed. (C) The strategy is designed to maximize the amount of glycogen, the storage form of carbohydrate, packed into muscle tissue before competition begins.

This shift in emphasis reflects a growing understanding of what actually happens inside the body while an athlete is asleep. Coaches have traditionally focused athlete preparation on training volume and nutrition, but a growing body of research suggests that sleep deserves equal attention. ( ① ) During deep sleep, the body releases growth hormone, a substance essential for repairing muscle tissue damaged during intense training, while the brain consolidates motor skills practiced earlier that day into more stable, efficient patterns. ( ② ) Athletes who sleep fewer than seven hours a night have been shown to suffer more injuries, slower reaction times, and reduced accuracy compared to well-rested peers performing the identical drills. ( ③ ) Frequent travel across time zones compounds this challenge considerably, since jet lag can disrupt an athlete's natural sleep-wake cycle for several days after a long flight, sometimes right before an important competition. ( ④ ) In response, many professional teams now employ sleep specialists who design travel schedules, control bedroom lighting and temperature, and even adjust competition start times when possible. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: In fields ranging from medicine to law, these tools now perform tasks that once required years of human training. As artificial intelligence grows more capable of performing tasks once considered exclusively human, many people wonder which skills will remain valuable in the future. ( ① ) AI can now analyze data, generate text, and even diagnose certain medical conditions with impressive accuracy. ( ② ) However, most researchers argue that AI still struggles with tasks requiring genuine empathy, ethical judgment, and creative problem-solving in unfamiliar situations. ( ③ ) A machine can recommend a treatment plan based on statistics, for instance, but it cannot comfort a frightened patient the way a compassionate nurse can. ( ④ ) Similarly, AI can generate countless design variations, yet it lacks the lived experience that allows humans to judge which idea truly resonates with people. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, educators increasingly emphasize skills such as collaboration, critical thinking, and emotional intelligence.

주어진 문장: This gap between expectation and reality is not caused by laziness, but by a predictable pattern in how people think about the future. The planning fallacy describes the tendency to underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. ( ① ) Psychologists who studied this bias found that people focus mainly on an idealized, best-case version of a project. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. ( ② ) A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. ( ③ ) Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later prove far too optimistic once delays appear. ( ④ ) One reason this bias persists is that people rarely review their history of missed deadlines, relying instead on hopeful imagination. ( ⑤ ) Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, comparing a new task to similar completed tasks. By anchoring predictions to real outcomes, planners can produce estimates that are considerably more accurate.

In other words, what looks like a lack of discipline may actually be a biological mismatch. Across many countries, high schools begin classes early in the morning, often before eight o'clock. ( ① ) This schedule assumes that teenagers can simply go to bed earlier to compensate, but biology tells a different story. ( ② ) During adolescence, the body's internal clock shifts later, delaying the release of melatonin until well after ten at night. ( ③ ) As a result, most teenagers are not physiologically ready to fall asleep until much later than younger children or adults are, and when early start times force them to wake before their bodies have completed a full sleep cycle, the mismatch accumulates into a chronic sleep debt that affects concentration and mood throughout the school day. ( ④ ) Researchers who study this mismatch argue that the underlying problem is not laziness or poor discipline among students, but a scheduling system built around adult rhythms rather than adolescent ones. ( ⑤ ) Some school districts that delayed their start times by thirty minutes reported improvements in attendance.