영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Imagine a cafeteria where a healthy salad ①sits at eye level while fried snacks rest on a low shelf. Nobody is ②forbidden from choosing the snacks, yet most people quietly pick the salad instead. This simple technique illustrates a nudge, a concept from behavioral economics that gently ③guides people toward better choices without restricting their freedom. Companies and governments increasingly apply nudges to encourage sustainable consumption. For example, some hotels print reminders on towels stating that most guests reuse them, which ④persuade new guests to do the same and save water. Similarly, energy bills that compare a household's usage with that of efficient neighbors often lead people to reduce electricity use. Unlike strict regulations or heavy taxes, nudges ⑤rely on subtle changes in design rather than force. Critics argue nudges alone cannot solve large environmental problems, but combined with stronger policies, they can meaningfully shift everyday habits toward sustainability.

The framing effect ①<u>describe</u> how people respond differently to the same information depending on how it is presented, even when the underlying facts remain unchanged. When news outlets describe climate change primarily as a looming crisis, ②<u>filled with</u> images of disasters and warnings of irreversible damage, audiences often react with fear or, paradoxically, with hopeless resignation. In contrast, when the same issue is framed as an opportunity, ③<u>emphasizing</u> innovative technologies and emerging green jobs, readers tend to feel more motivated to act and support policy change. Neither framing alone tells the complete story, since climate change genuinely involves both serious risks and promising solutions. Therefore, journalists who rely too heavily on either extreme risk ④<u>distorting</u> public understanding and discouraging meaningful engagement. A balanced approach, ⑤<u>which honestly presents</u> dangers while highlighting realistic paths forward, is far more likely to sustain long-term public attention and inspire lasting action.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, ① prizing for its ability to sharpen focus and fight off fatigue within minutes of consumption. It works by blocking adenosine, a chemical that gradually builds up in the brain throughout the day and ② makes us feel increasingly sleepy the longer we stay awake. By occupying the receptors that adenosine would normally bind to, caffeine tricks the brain into ③ feeling alert even when the body has accumulated significant sleep pressure. The effects, however, last far longer than most people realize. Because caffeine can remain active in the bloodstream for five to six hours, a cup of coffee ④ consumed in the late afternoon may still be interfering with the ability to fall asleep at midnight. Even when people do not consciously notice difficulty falling asleep, caffeine has been shown ⑤ to reduce the amount of deep, restorative sleep obtained later in the night.

When people discuss climate change, they often focus only on rising temperatures or melting ice, ①**treating** it as a purely scientific issue. However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are ②**distributed** unevenly across the globe. Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, ③**which contributed** comparatively little, frequently suffer the most severe droughts and floods. This gap between responsibility and suffering ④**raises** a serious ethical question that science alone cannot answer. For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or ⑤**flying** on a plane. Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

When people consistently sleep too little, the body's hormonal balance shifts in ways that can ① quietly encourage weight gain. Two hormones in particular play ② opposing roles in regulating appetite: leptin signals fullness to the brain, while ghrelin stimulates the sensation of hunger. Studies show that sleep deprivation lowers leptin levels while raising ghrelin levels, so a tired body ends up feeling ③ fuller than it actually needs to be, even after a normal-sized meal. At the same time, insufficient sleep interferes with how efficiently the body processes glucose, making cells less ④ responsive to insulin and leaving more sugar circulating in the bloodstream than usual. Over months or years, this combination of increased appetite and reduced insulin sensitivity can contribute to steady weight gain and raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Because these effects build up so ⑤ gradually, many people never connect their shifting eating habits or worsening blood sugar to something as ordinary as a few lost hours of sleep each night.

Fast fashion refers to cheap, trendy clothing produced quickly and replaced almost as fast as it is bought. Because these garments are designed to be worn only a few times, huge amounts of fabric end up in landfills every year, and the dyeing process pollutes rivers near factories. In contrast, a growing number of brands are turning toward the circular economy, _______________. For example, some companies collect old clothes, break down the fibers, and weave them into new fabric, while others let customers rent outfits for special occasions rather than buying garments they will barely wear. These approaches keep resources circulating within the system longer, reducing demand for raw materials. Therefore, shifting from a throwaway habit toward a circular one may be essential for making the fashion industry sustainable.

Wearable devices that track sleep have become enormously popular, promising a detailed breakdown of light, deep, and REM sleep each night. These gadgets typically rely on movement sensors and heart rate monitors to estimate sleep stages, since directly measuring brain activity would require equipment found only in a sleep laboratory. This indirect approach, however, introduces significant uncertainty. Independent studies comparing wearable data with polysomnography, the gold-standard method used in clinical sleep labs, have found that _______________. Some trackers overestimate deep sleep, while others underestimate the amount of time spent in REM sleep, and the margin of error can vary widely between brands. Despite these limitations, many users have come to treat the nightly score generated by their device as an objective medical verdict, sometimes experiencing anxiety when the number falls below what they expect, a phenomenon researchers have begun calling orthosomnia.

Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results rather than trusting them. (A) Frequent travelers now point their phone cameras at street signs and receive an instant translation overlaid on the screen, thanks to this leap in accuracy. (B) Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, areas where a single wrong word can completely change the intended meaning. (C) Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word.

Food choices are increasingly recognized as a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. (A) By replacing just a few meat-based meals each week with vegetables, grains, or legumes, individuals can noticeably shrink their carbon footprint without giving up meat completely. Nutritionists also emphasize that flexitarian eating is easier to maintain than full vegetarianism, because it allows flexibility rather than demanding absolute discipline. Therefore, many environmental groups now promote flexitarianism as a realistic first step, believing that gradual change, rather than sudden restriction, is more likely to spread widely across society. (B) A flexitarian is someone who mainly eats plant-based meals but occasionally includes meat or fish, unlike a strict vegetarian who avoids animal products entirely. This flexible diet has recently gained attention as a practical way to fight climate change, since raising livestock produces a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. (C) Cattle, in particular, release large amounts of methane, a gas far more powerful than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere.

In other words, the two stages appear to serve complementary purposes, one restoring the body and the other restoring the mind. Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. ( ① ) During non-REM sleep, especially its deepest stage, the brain waves slow down dramatically, the body temperature drops, and tissue repair and growth hormone release reach their peak. ( ② ) This is the period most closely associated with physical restoration. ( ③ ) REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements, near-total muscle paralysis, and brain activity that closely resembles wakefulness. ( ④ ) Most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage, and researchers believe it plays a central role in consolidating memories and processing emotional experiences. ( ⑤ ) A healthy night typically cycles through both stages four or five times, with non-REM dominating the early hours and REM periods lengthening toward morning. Disrupting either stage, through frequent awakenings or alcohol use, can leave a person feeling unrested even after a full night in bed.