영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Anthropologist Robin Dunbar ①proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only maintain about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, ②which restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far ③exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships ④are close or emotionally supportive. Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain ⑤largely unnoticing.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to ①systematically underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists ②who studied this bias found that people focus mainly on an idealized, best-case version of a project. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite ③needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later ④proves far too optimistic once delays appear. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, ⑤comparing a new task to similar completed tasks.

When Mina was a freshman, she often spent her allowance within a few days. Her older cousin told her about the marshmallow experiment, a famous study in which children could eat one marshmallow ①immediately or wait for two. Researchers found that children who waited ②longer showed better academic performance and self-control years later. This ability to ③resist an immediate reward in favor of a larger future one is known as delayed gratification. Inspired by the study, Mina began saving half of her allowance each week instead of spending it all on snacks. At first, resisting small purchases felt surprisingly ④easy, especially when her friends were eating out. After three months, however, she had ⑤saved enough to buy a bicycle she had wanted for over a year.

The twenty-hour rule proposes that years of practice are not needed to become skilled at a new activity. Only about twenty hours of effort are needed to reach a ①worthless level. Unlike theories claiming true mastery requires ten thousand hours, this rule targets a more ②modest goal. That goal is simple competence for everyday use. According to supporters, practicing any new skill produces the ③fastest visible improvement, since a beginner has room to grow. Advocates emphasize that the twenty hours must be ④deliberate and focused, broken into short daily sessions rather than one long stretch. The hours should be aimed at fixing weaknesses rather than ⑤repeating what one already knows.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Many economists have studied how automation affects different sectors of the economy, and their research reveals a consistent pattern. (A) For example, manufacturing plants that adopted robotics saw production speed double within five years, while the number of routine assembly jobs fell sharply. (B) As a result, workers today are encouraged to develop skills that complement machines rather than compete with them, such as creativity and critical thinking. (C) At first, automation mainly affected repetitive manual tasks in manufacturing, but it has since spread into administrative and even creative fields.

Parkinson's Law appears frequently in everyday workplaces, often without employees even realizing it. (A) As a result, the meeting naturally stretches to fill the entire hour, even though very little new information is actually discussed. (B) This situation illustrates the law's central claim that the amount of time allotted for a task directly shapes how long the task actually takes. (C) Consider a manager who schedules an hour-long meeting to discuss a minor issue that could realistically be resolved in only a few minutes.

The rise of green jobs illustrates how environmental policy can reshape entire industries. (A) However, critics note that shifting from fossil fuel jobs to green jobs is not always straightforward, since the two require different sets of skills. (B) These positions, ranging from solar panel installation to energy-efficient building design, have grown especially fast in countries investing heavily in renewable energy. (C) To address this gap, governments are introducing training programs that help workers transition smoothly between industries.

Many students struggle not with lack of effort but with lack of structure when studying for exams. (A) Once colors are assigned, the student blocks specific hours of the day for each subject, following the same order as a printed timetable. (B) As a result, switching between subjects no longer feels confusing, because each color block signals exactly what should happen next. (C) One student solved this problem by giving each subject a distinct color on a printed weekly calendar before the semester began.

주어진 문장: She was surprised at how little willpower this required once the routine became familiar. Minji had tried for years to build a bedtime reading habit but always forgot once under the blanket. ( ① ) During summer, she found a method called habit stacking. It means attaching a new habit to an existing one so it acts as a reminder. ( ② ) Her existing habit was brushing her teeth every night, so she decided to place her book beside her toothbrush. ( ③ ) After brushing her teeth, she would pick up the book, letting one action trigger the next. ( ④ ) Within two weeks, opening the book after brushing felt almost automatic, requiring no conscious effort. ( ⑤ ) Encouraged by this success, Minji stacked another habit onto her morning routine, reviewing vocabulary words after making her bed.