영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results rather than trusting them. Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks ①that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word. This shift has made everyday tasks such as reading a foreign menu or chatting with an overseas friend remarkably smooth. Frequent travelers now point their phone cameras at street signs and ②receiving an instant translation overlaid on the screen. Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, areas ③where a single wrong word can completely change the intended meaning. A joke that depends on wordplay in one language may become confusing once it ④is translated literally into another. For this reason, professional translators argue that these apps are best treated as a helpful starting point rather than a final, polished result that no human ⑤needs to review.

Jiho had always assumed he would join a large corporation after graduation, just as his parents expected. During his final year of university, however, he joined a small student team ①building an app that connected local farmers directly with restaurants. What started as a class project gradually ②turned into something more serious, as several restaurants began placing regular orders through their prototype. Jiho and his teammates decided ③to delay job applications and instead spend a year developing the idea, despite warnings from relatives ④who considered the plan too risky. After nearly failing twice, the team secured a small investment that allowed them ⑤hire their first employee.

Psychologist Leon Festinger introduced social comparison theory, which ①explains that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves with others. According to this theory, individuals engage in upward comparison when they measure themselves against someone ②who appears more successful, attractive, or accomplished. Social media platforms, filled with carefully edited photos and exaggerated achievements, ③provide endless opportunities for this kind of comparison. For instance, a teenager browsing vacation pictures posted by classmates may begin to feel that her own ordinary life ④are somehow inadequate. Unlike comparing oneself with someone in a similar position, which can sometimes boost confidence, upward comparison frequently ⑤triggers envy, dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem.

Many students assume that perfectionists work harder than everyone else, but psychologists describe a puzzling pattern ①called the perfectionism-procrastination cycle. This term describes how an intense fear of imperfect work ②cause people to delay starting a task rather than begin it. Because perfectionists set impossibly high standards, they often feel anxious before they even begin, and the task feels ③overwhelming. They then postpone the work to avoid ④facing their own unrealistic expectations, even though delay only increases their stress later. For example, a student writing a research paper might spend hours reorganizing notes instead of composing a single sentence that ⑤feels good enough.

Time blocking is a time-management technique in which a person ①divides the day into fixed blocks. Each block is then assigned to a single task. Instead of relying on a loose to-do list, the person decides exactly when each task ②will starting and end. This approach lowers the mental effort of deciding what to do next, since the schedule already provides the answer. It also limits multitasking, because each block ③is reserved for only one activity at a time. For instance, a student may block ninety minutes for math practice, ④leaving no room for messages or web browsing. Because each block has a clear boundary, unfinished work is ⑤less likely to quietly spread into the next task.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Minji had tried for years to build a bedtime reading habit but always forgot once under the blanket. During summer, she found a method called habit stacking. It means attaching a new habit to an existing one so it acts as a reminder. Her existing habit was brushing her teeth every night, so she decided to place her book beside her toothbrush. After brushing her teeth, she would pick up the book, letting one action trigger the next. Within two weeks, opening the book after brushing felt almost automatic, requiring no conscious effort. Encouraged by this success, Minji stacked another habit onto her morning routine, reviewing vocabulary words after making her bed. She realized ___________. By the end of summer, both habits felt like steady parts of her routine, requiring no reminders.

Instead of typing keywords into a search bar, a growing number of people now simply upload a photo and let an algorithm figure out what it contains. (A) The system works by breaking an image down into countless small features, such as edges, colors, and shapes, then matching that pattern against millions of stored examples. (B) This process, known as reverse image search, compares the visual patterns in a picture against a massive database, identifying everything from a landmark in the background to the exact model of a pair of sneakers. (C) It is not flawless, however; a blurry photo, an unusual camera angle, or an object partly hidden behind another can easily confuse the algorithm.

Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun guessing what word comes next. (A) The system also adapts to each individual, gradually learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would recognize. (B) This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users notice, since autocomplete may be quietly narrowing everyday vocabulary. (C) This feature relies on a language model trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates, saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day.

This constant, individualized adjustment is what makes the technology feel so different from a standard workbook. Adaptive learning apps promise something no traditional classroom can easily offer: a lesson plan that adjusts itself to each individual student in real time. ( ① ) As a student answers practice questions, the app tracks which concepts are mastered and which remain shaky, then quietly reshuffles the next set of problems to target the weaker areas. ( ② ) Early studies suggest that this personalized pacing can help struggling students catch up faster than a one-size-fits-all worksheet ever could. ( ③ ) However, critics caution that an app cannot replace the encouragement, humor, and flexibility a human teacher brings to a lesson, especially when a student is frustrated rather than simply behind. ( ④ ) There is also a subtler concern: students who grow used to instant, algorithm-generated feedback may struggle later with the slower, more ambiguous kind of feedback that real-world tasks and mentors typically provide. ( ⑤ )