영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

The subscription economy refers to a business model ①in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. One major reason for this growth is convenience, since subscribers no longer need ②to make repeated purchasing decisions once they sign up. Another reason is that companies benefit from predictable revenue, ③what allows them to plan production and marketing more efficiently than with one-time sales. For example, a monthly clothing subscription delivers new outfits automatically, ④saving customers the time and effort of shopping in stores. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people ⑤to pay for services they barely use.

For centuries, dreams have fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully ① explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, ② replays difficult events in a safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, ③ allowing the brain to rehearse responses to threats without any real danger. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery ④ arising as the mind sorts through the day's information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has ⑤ been conclusively proven.

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without ① leaving a person groggy afterward. The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain ② to pass through the lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks ③ waking during deep sleep, which produces a foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. Laboratory studies ④ comparing napping and non-napping groups have repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most ⑤ effectively.

Melatonin is a hormone produced by a small gland deep within the brain, and its release follows a remarkably ① unpredictable daily pattern. Levels stay low throughout the bright hours of the day, begin rising in the evening as darkness falls, peak in the middle of the night, and then ② decline again as morning approaches. This rhythm is controlled primarily by light: specialized cells in the eye detect brightness and send signals that either permit or suppress melatonin production, which is why exposure to bright screens late at night can ③ delay its release and make falling asleep more difficult. Unlike some hormones that directly cause the body to perform a task, melatonin does not force sleep to occur; instead, it signals to the rest of the body that night has arrived, preparing various systems to shift into a ④ lower-energy state. Because of this signaling role, taking melatonin supplements at the wrong time can shift a person's internal clock in the ⑤ opposite direction from what was intended.

After a strenuous workout, muscle fibers experience thousands of ① microscopic tears, and the body immediately begins a repair process that ultimately makes the muscle stronger than it was before. This repair depends heavily on amino acids, the building blocks that protein supplies, which is why sports scientists recommend consuming protein within a couple of hours after training. Waiting too long to eat can ② slow recovery, since a muscle's sensitivity to amino acids gradually declines once that window closes. Many athletes assume that eating an enormous quantity of protein in a single sitting will ③ delay this process, but the body can only use a limited amount at once; the rest is simply burned for energy or stored as fat. For this reason, nutritionists generally advise spreading moderate portions of protein ④ evenly across several meals throughout the day rather than saving it all for one large post-workout ⑤ meal.

Across many countries, high schools begin classes early in the morning, often before eight o'clock. This schedule assumes that teenagers can simply go to bed earlier to compensate, but biology tells a different story. During adolescence, the body's internal clock shifts later, delaying the release of melatonin until well after ten at night. As a result, most teenagers are not physiologically ready to fall asleep until much later than younger children or adults. When early start times force them to wake before their bodies have completed a full sleep cycle, the mismatch accumulates into a chronic sleep debt that affects concentration and mood throughout the school day. Researchers who study this mismatch argue that _______________. Some school districts that delayed their start times by thirty minutes reported improvements in attendance, suggesting that the timing of the school day matters more than commonly assumed.

Among strategies for improving concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely recommended methods for students and workers. This technique involves ___________. After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes is usually taken to allow mental recovery. The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental fatigue from building up. Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more manageable. Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes less tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment than beginning an entire project.

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and restarts during sleep, often because the muscles at the back of the throat relax too much and block the airway. (A) Doctors therefore rely less on a patient's own account of the night and more on objective measurements, such as overnight oxygen levels and airflow patterns recorded in a sleep laboratory. (B) Each pause can last from a few seconds to over a minute, and it may occur dozens of times in a single night without the sleeper ever waking up fully. (C) Because these interruptions rarely produce a clear memory the next morning, many people remain unaware that anything is wrong, even as chronic fatigue, headaches, and irritability build up over months.

Ambitious young athletes and the parents who support them sometimes assume that more training automatically produces better results, a belief that occasionally leads to a condition known as overtraining syndrome. (A) Warning signs are often subtle at first, including disrupted sleep, irritability, and a loss of enthusiasm for a sport the athlete once genuinely enjoyed, which adults often mistake for ordinary moodiness. (B) Unlike ordinary fatigue that resolves after a few days of rest, overtraining syndrome develops gradually over weeks or months of insufficient recovery, eventually producing persistent exhaustion and declining performance despite continued hard work. (C) Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to this condition, since their bodies are simultaneously coping with the physical demands of growth and the added stress of intensive training schedules.

Attitudes toward buying used goods have changed dramatically over the past decade. (A) As a result, secondhand shopping has shed much of the stigma it once carried among younger consumers. (B) In the past, purchasing used items was often seen as a sign of financial hardship rather than a deliberate choice. (C) Today, many young shoppers proudly describe their secondhand purchases as smart, sustainable decisions.