영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

For decades, productivity advice has focused almost entirely on ①managing time efficiently, yet many experts now argue this approach overlooks something important. This alternative approach, ②known as energy management, suggests that controlling personal energy matters more than controlling the clock. Unlike time, which flows at a constant rate, human energy naturally rises and falls in cycles ③shaped by sleep, food, and mental fatigue. A person who tackles difficult tasks during a low-energy period, for instance, may need two hours ④to finish what takes thirty minutes at peak energy. Similarly, someone who forces themselves to keep working without rest often ⑤produce careless mistakes that require additional time to correct later.

Imagine two factories making the same product: one in a country with ①**strict** carbon rules, and one in a country with almost none. The factory facing stricter rules often spends more, which can make its goods ②**pricier** than those made elsewhere. To fix this imbalance, some governments have introduced the carbon border adjustment mechanism, a policy charging imported goods a fee based on how much carbon was released while producing them. Supporters argue that the system ③**protects** domestic industries and pushes foreign manufacturers toward cleaner methods. However, critics claim it unfairly ④**benefits** developing countries, which often lack money to modernize factories quickly. For example, a small exporter in a poorer nation might struggle to pay the added charge, though it contributes ⑤**little** to global emissions. Still, if wealthier nations pair the policy with technical support, it could become a genuinely fair tool for cutting emissions worldwide.

Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the ①**present** situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. This bias helps explain why many households ②**rush** to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels ③**safe** and requires no immediate effort. In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem ④**risky** compared with doing nothing. For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly ⑤**postpone** a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on designing programs that make the first step feel easy.

Minji spent nearly every evening watching Jimin, an online creator who streamed cooking videos and chatted casually with her viewers. Over several months, Minji began to feel as though she truly knew Jimin, ①laughing at her jokes and worrying whenever she mentioned having a difficult week. Whenever Jimin responded to a comment, even a simple one, Minji felt a small thrill of connection, as if they were becoming closer friends. One day, Minji ②reluctantly waited outside a fan event, hoping that Jimin would ③recognize her from the countless messages she had sent. However, Jimin greeted her the same way she greeted every other stranger in line, without any hint of personal recognition. Standing there, Minji slowly realized that the bond she had imagined was entirely ④one-sided, existing only in her own mind. This type of connection, known as a parasocial relationship, can feel remarkably ⑤real despite never being mutual.

When people encounter solid scientific evidence about climate change, we might expect them to accept it without hesitation. However, many individuals still dismiss or downplay such evidence, and psychologists explain this pattern through a concept called motivated reasoning. Motivated reasoning refers to _______________. For example, a person whose livelihood depends on the fossil fuel industry may unconsciously search for reasons to doubt climate data, even while claiming to value scientific accuracy. This happens because accepting uncomfortable facts can threaten a person's sense of self or demand costly lifestyle changes. Therefore, simply presenting more data rarely persuades a committed skeptic. Instead, experts suggest connecting climate information to values the person already holds, such as family safety or economic stability, so that acceptance feels natural rather than threatening.

Have you ever felt a boring class lasted forever while an exciting weekend disappeared in an instant? This common experience reflects what psychologists call the distortion of time perception: ___________. Researchers explain that people who focus intensely on an enjoyable activity process fewer separate moments, so time seems to pass quickly. In contrast, bored or anxious people pay closer attention to each moment, making time feel as though it is dragging.

Skipping a proper warm-up before intense exercise might seem like a harmless way to save a few minutes, but the practice carries real physiological costs. (A) Gradually raising body temperature through light activity, however, increases blood flow to the muscles and helps nerve signals travel faster between the brain and the muscle fibers. (B) A cold muscle, after all, is stiffer and less elastic than a warm one, making it considerably more prone to strains and tears when suddenly asked to contract forcefully. (C) For this reason, coaches treat warm-up routines not as optional preparation but as an essential part of training itself.

Aerobic exercise, such as jogging, swimming, or cycling at a steady pace, produces a wide range of benefits that extend well beyond simple calorie burning. (A) This adaptation explains why trained athletes often have a much lower resting heart rate than sedentary individuals of the same age. (B) Over weeks of consistent training, the heart gradually enlarges and becomes more efficient, delivering the same amount of oxygen to working muscles while beating fewer times per minute. (C) Most fundamentally, it strengthens the heart itself, forcing it to pump larger volumes of blood with each beat.

Athletes competing in hot, humid conditions face a particularly difficult balance, because sweating heavily to stay cool simultaneously depletes the very fluids needed to sustain performance. Even a modest level of dehydration, as little as two percent of body weight lost through sweat, can measurably reduce an athlete's endurance and cognitive sharpness during competition. ( ① ) As fluid levels drop, blood volume decreases, forcing the heart to work harder to deliver the same amount of oxygen to working muscles, which accelerates fatigue. ( ② ) Dehydration also impairs the body's ability to regulate its own temperature, since sweating is the primary mechanism for releasing excess heat during intense exercise. ( ③ ) Simply drinking large amounts of plain water is not always sufficient, however, since heavy sweating also flushes out sodium and other electrolytes essential for proper muscle function. ( ④ ) For this reason, sports scientists generally recommend a hydration strategy that replaces both fluid and electrolytes, tailored to an individual athlete's sweat rate and the specific conditions of the event. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: In short, Fogg's model reminds us that ease of action, not sheer willpower, drives lasting behavior change. Many people believe that building a new habit requires strong willpower or motivation. ( ① ) However, psychologist BJ Fogg argues that habits form more easily when a behavior itself becomes simple to perform. ( ② ) His theory, called the Fogg Behavior Model, states that a behavior happens only when motivation, ability, and a prompt occur together. When motivation is low, the task must be made extremely easy, or it will not happen at all. ( ③ ) For instance, a person who wants to exercise daily succeeds more often by committing to one push-up than to a long workout. Fogg calls this idea the law of least effort, since people naturally choose the option requiring the least energy. ( ④ ) A student who wants to read more might leave a book open on the desk rather than setting a vague goal. By lowering the required effort, people reduce the ability barrier and make steady action far more achievable. ( ⑤ )