영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. During non-REM sleep, especially its deepest stage, the brain waves slow down dramatically, the body temperature drops, and tissue repair and growth hormone release reach their peak. This is the period ① most closely associated with physical restoration. REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements, near-total muscle paralysis, and brain activity that closely ② resemble wakefulness. Most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage, and researchers believe it ③ plays a central role in consolidating memories and processing emotional experiences. A healthy night typically cycles through both stages four or five times, with non-REM ④ dominating the early hours and REM periods lengthening toward morning. Disrupting either stage, through frequent awakenings or alcohol use, can leave a person ⑤ feeling unrested even after a full night in bed.

For most of last year, Junho ①refresh his social media feed constantly, terrified of missing a party, a trending meme, or gossip among his friends. This restless anxiety, ②often called FOMO, or the fear of missing out, left him exhausted and strangely unsatisfied even after hours of scrolling. One weekend, his phone battery died during a hiking trip, and, to his surprise, he actually ③enjoyed the quiet afternoon without notifications interrupting his thoughts. Curious about this unexpected calm, Junho began ④deleting social apps for a few hours each day, gradually extending the breaks as weeks passed. Instead of dreading what he might be missing, he started noticing small pleasures, such as finishing a book or ⑤having an uninterrupted conversation with his family.

Anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only ①abandon about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, which ②restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far ③exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships are ④close or emotionally supportive. Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain largely ⑤unnoticed.

Self-driving technology is advancing rapidly, and its impact on the transportation industry is becoming increasingly ①visible. Companies are testing autonomous trucks that can travel long distances without human drivers, potentially ②transforming how goods move across countries. Millions of professional drivers worry about losing their jobs as automation ③spreads through the industry. Experts predict that certain driving jobs, particularly long-distance trucking, may shrink significantly within the next two decades. However, new roles are also ④emerging, including remote vehicle operators who monitor fleets of autonomous trucks. Workers who adapt their skills toward supervising and maintaining these systems are likely to find new opportunities rather than face ⑤employment.

As companies collect enormous amounts of personal data to improve their products and target advertisements, serious ethical questions have emerged about how that information should be handled. Employees who work with big data now face responsibilities that previous generations rarely encountered, since a single careless decision can expose millions of people's private information. Regardless of which approach prevails, most experts agree that ___________. Universities have begun adding data ethics courses to computer science programs, recognizing that future employees will need to balance innovation with responsibility.

When Daniel was a child, he dreamed of becoming an astronaut, yet he assumed such careers belonged only to a handful of government scientists. During an internship, he helped design a small satellite intended to monitor crop health from orbit, a project that combined engineering with agricultural science. He realized that ___________. After graduation, Daniel joined a startup developing lunar landing equipment, a job that barely existed when he first imagined his future career.

A documentary director named Mira set out on her first trip to a remote Arctic glacier, eager to film its towering cliffs of blue ice. (A) Comparing the two sets of footage side by side, she realized that a transformation she had expected to take centuries was actually happening within a single decade, which convinced her that climate change was an urgent process reshaping landscapes before her eyes. (B) Five years later, however, she returned to the very same coordinates, only to discover that the glacier had retreated so dramatically that the ice cliffs had nearly disappeared, leaving bare rock and meltwater behind. (C) Standing before the massive wall of ice on that first trip, she assumed that such an enormous structure could hardly change within a lifetime.

주어진 문장: This is a significant shift from earlier generations, who often stuck with a single trusted brand for years. Generation Z, typically defined as those born between the late 1990s and early 2010s, approaches shopping quite differently from previous generations. ( ① ) Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products extensively online before making even small purchases. ( ② ) Unlike older generations, who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z prioritize a company's values, switching brands easily if one no longer matches their beliefs. ( ③ ) They also tend to favor secondhand and resale platforms, viewing sustainability as an important factor rather than an afterthought. ( ④ ) Peer recommendations shared through short videos frequently carry more weight than traditional celebrity endorsements. ( ⑤ ) Businesses that fail to adapt to these preferences risk losing an entire generation of potential customers.

That advantage in volume, however, says nothing about the quality of each individual reply. When a customer opens a company's website at midnight with a billing question, an actual employee is unlikely to be available, which is exactly the gap that customer service chatbots were built to fill. ( ① ) These programs can instantly answer common questions, track packages, and process simple refunds without making anyone wait on hold. ( ② ) Companies value them because a single chatbot can handle thousands of conversations simultaneously, something no call center could ever match. ( ③ ) Yet the technology has clear boundaries. When a customer's problem is unusual, emotionally charged, or simply does not fit the chatbot's script, the automated replies can feel frustratingly circular, repeating the same suggestion no matter how the question is rephrased. ( ④ ) Many companies have responded by designing chatbots to recognize their own limits, automatically transferring a frustrated customer to a human agent before the conversation turns into a source of complaint rather than a solution. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: After all, ignoring proven facts might seem like an irrational thing to do. When people encounter solid scientific evidence about climate change, we might expect them to accept it without hesitation. ( ① ) However, many individuals still dismiss or downplay such evidence, and psychologists explain this pattern through a concept called motivated reasoning. ( ② ) Motivated reasoning refers to the tendency to process information in a way that protects one's existing beliefs, identity, or lifestyle rather than to pursue objective truth. ( ③ ) For example, a person whose livelihood depends on the fossil fuel industry may unconsciously search for reasons to doubt climate data, even while claiming to value scientific accuracy. ( ④ ) This happens because accepting uncomfortable facts can threaten a person's sense of self or demand costly lifestyle changes. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, simply presenting more data rarely persuades a committed skeptic. Instead, experts suggest connecting climate information to values the person already holds, such as family safety or economic stability, so that acceptance feels natural rather than threatening.