영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

For centuries, dreams have fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully ①explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, ②replays difficult events in a safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, ③allowing the brain to rehearse responses to threats without any real danger. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery ④arising as the mind sorts through the day's information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has ⑤been conclusively proven.

The term green premium ①describes the extra cost that consumers must pay when they choose an environmentally friendly product or energy source over a conventional, cheaper alternative. For example, an electric vehicle or solar-powered appliance ②often carries a higher price tag than its gasoline-powered or coal-based counterpart, even though it produces fewer emissions over time. This price gap frequently discourages shoppers who support sustainability in principle but cannot justify the additional expense within a limited household budget. In contrast, wealthier consumers can absorb the premium more easily, ③which creates unequal participation in green markets. To narrow this gap, governments have introduced subsidies and tax credits ④that lower upfront costs, while companies invest in research to make clean technologies cheaper to manufacture. As production scales up and innovation continues, many economists expect the green premium ⑤to shrinking steadily, eventually making sustainable choices the more affordable option for most consumers.

Mira had lived in a coastal village since birth, watching the tide creep closer to her family's doorstep every year. When the sea finally ①swallowed the rice paddies that had fed her village for generations, her parents decided that staying was no longer possible. Together with many neighbors, they packed what little they could carry and moved inland, becoming what experts now call climate migrants, people forced to ②abandon their homes because of rising seas, droughts, or other disasters. This term, rarely used a decade ago, has become increasingly ③common as extreme weather displaces communities worldwide. Mira missed her old house terribly, yet she slowly began to build a new life in the crowded city, learning to adapt just as her ancestors once had. International organizations, however, still ④manage to agree on how to protect people like her, since climate migrants are not officially ⑤recognized as refugees under current law.

Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun guessing what word comes next. This feature relies on a language model trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates above the keyboard, ①saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day. The system also adapts to each individual, gradually learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would ②recognize. This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users notice. Because the keyboard ③nudges people toward its own suggestions, some linguists worry that autocomplete may be quietly ④widening everyday vocabulary, encouraging writers to accept a convenient suggestion rather than searching for the more precise or original word they might otherwise have ⑤chosen.

Fast fashion refers to cheap, trendy clothing produced quickly and replaced almost as fast as it is bought. Because these garments are designed to be worn only a few times, huge amounts of fabric end up in landfills every year, and the dyeing process pollutes rivers near factories. In contrast, a growing number of brands are turning toward the circular economy, _______________. For example, some companies collect old clothes, break down the fibers, and weave them into new fabric, while others let customers rent outfits for special occasions rather than buying garments they will barely wear. These approaches keep resources circulating within the system longer, reducing demand for raw materials. Therefore, shifting from a throwaway habit toward a circular one may be essential for making the fashion industry sustainable.

A documentary director named Mira first traveled to a remote Arctic glacier to film its towering cliffs of blue ice, which seemed frozen in time. Standing before the massive wall, she assumed such an enormous structure could hardly change within a lifetime. Five years later, however, she returned to the very same coordinates, expecting her camera to capture an identical scene. Instead, she discovered that the glacier had retreated so dramatically that the ice cliffs, once visible from her original position, had nearly disappeared, leaving bare rock and pools of meltwater behind. Comparing the two sets of footage side by side, Mira realized that _______________. This encounter convinced her that climate change, which she had previously regarded as a distant statistic, was in fact an urgent process reshaping landscapes before her eyes.

A smart thermostat that learns a family's daily rhythm can lower the temperature automatically before everyone wakes up cold, while smart lights that follow a resident's schedule no longer need to be switched on and off by hand. (A) These small conveniences rest on a shared foundation: sensors collect data about temperature, motion, and light throughout the home, and an algorithm gradually learns which settings match each household's actual habits. (B) Over months of use, the system becomes noticeably better at anticipating needs, often adjusting settings moments before a resident would have reached for a switch. (C) Yet convenience comes with a trade-off that many households overlook, since a detailed record of daily habits is quietly being stored somewhere beyond their immediate control.

Some changes in habit begin not with a big decision but with a quiet moment that lingers in the mind. (A) That changed when her class was assigned a documentary about plastic waste drifting through the ocean, footage she initially expected to find boring. Instead, watching seabirds mistake plastic fragments for food left her strangely unsettled, and she found herself thinking about the assignment long after class ended. (B) The next morning, almost without deciding to, she slipped her old tumbler into her backpack instead of buying a disposable cup on the way to school. It felt like a small, meaningless gesture at first. However, as weeks passed, she realized that consistently choosing the tumbler, declining a plastic straw, and reusing a shopping bag were quietly adding up. Small choices, she discovered, become meaningful once repeated. (C) Until last spring, Minji rarely thought twice about tossing a paper cup into the trash after finishing her coffee. Environmental issues seemed distant, something scientists and politicians should handle rather than an ordinary student like her.

Whenever a user marks a message as spam or rescues a message mistakenly filtered out, that action becomes new training data, sharpening the filter's future decisions. Every day, email providers quietly block billions of unwanted messages before they ever reach a user's inbox, a task that would be impossible without an AI filtering system running constantly in the background. ( ① ) The filter examines each incoming message for suspicious patterns, including certain keywords, unusual sender addresses, and formatting tricks that scammers commonly rely on to slip past detection. ( ② ) What makes the system effective is that it keeps learning after launch. ( ③ ) This creates a constant back-and-forth, since spammers study which messages get blocked and then adjust their wording to slip through again. ( ④ ) As a result, spam filtering is less like a fixed wall and more like an ongoing contest, with each side continuously adapting to outsmart the other. ( ⑤ )

Whether such small warnings can meaningfully counter the daily flood of filtered images, however, remains an open question that researchers are only beginning to study. Opening most camera apps today reveals a row of filters that can smooth skin, brighten eyes, and reshape a jawline before a photo is even taken, all powered by AI models trained to recognize facial features in real time. ( ① ) What began as a playful novelty has become a default setting for many users, subtly adjusting nearly every selfie posted online. ( ② ) Psychologists have grown concerned about a specific consequence of this shift: people increasingly compare their unfiltered reflection in a mirror to a filtered version of themselves seen constantly on a screen. ( ③ ) This is a comparison that earlier generations never had to face. ( ④ ) Some social media platforms have responded by labeling heavily edited photos or banning certain filters that alter body shape. ( ⑤ )