영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Have you ever ①feel a boring class lasted forever while an exciting weekend disappeared in an instant? This common experience reflects what psychologists call the distortion of time perception: subjective time can ②differ from actual clock time. Researchers explain that people who focus intensely on an enjoyable activity ③process fewer separate moments, so time seems to pass quickly. In contrast, bored or anxious people pay closer attention to each moment, ④making time feel as though it is dragging. When people become deeply engaged in a task, they often lose track of time, ⑤unaware of how many minutes have passed.

Planning a multi-city trip once meant hours ① spent comparing flight schedules, reading hotel reviews, and mapping out which sights were close enough to visit in a single day. AI travel planners now compress much of that work into a short conversation, ② asking about a budget, a travel style, and a handful of preferences before generating a full day-by-day itinerary within minutes. The tool draws on enormous amounts of data, including flight prices, seasonal weather patterns, and reviews ③ leaving by previous travelers, to suggest a route that avoids obvious scheduling conflicts. Many travelers appreciate ④ having a solid starting point rather than a blank page. Still, seasoned travelers warn that these itineraries can feel oddly generic, often ⑤ steering users toward the same popular landmarks.

Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products ①extensively online before making even small purchases. Unlike older generations, who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z ②prioritize a company's values, switching brands easily if one no longer matches their beliefs. They also tend to ③favor secondhand and resale platforms, viewing sustainability as an important factor. Peer recommendations shared through short videos frequently carry ④less weight than traditional celebrity endorsements, since viewers see these creators as relatable rather than distant figures. Businesses that fail to adapt to these preferences risk losing an entire generation of potential customers, so many companies now invest in ⑤authentic engagement.

Sociologists use the term homophily to describe the tendency of people to form connections with others who share ①different backgrounds, opinions, or interests. This principle explains why classmates from the same major often become close friends, while coworkers with shared hobbies naturally gravitate toward one another. Because similarity reduces the effort required to understand another person's perspective, relationships built on shared traits tend to feel ②comfortable and require less negotiation. However, this same comfort can ③narrow the range of viewpoints someone encounters, since surrounding oneself with similar people limits exposure to different ideas. Social media platforms intensify this pattern through recommendation algorithms that suggest new friends based on shared interests or similar browsing history. As a result, users often find their online circles becoming increasingly ④homogeneous, filled with people who think and behave much like themselves. Recognizing this tendency allows individuals to make ⑤deliberate efforts to broaden their social networks.

Communication scholar Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann proposed the spiral of silence theory to explain why certain opinions ①dominate public discussion while others fade into invisibility. According to this theory, individuals constantly observe their surrounding environment to judge which opinions are widely accepted and which are not. When people sense that their own view belongs to a minority, they often choose to stay ②vocal rather than risk social isolation or criticism. This silence, however, creates a distorted impression that the minority opinion is even ③rarer than it actually is, discouraging additional supporters from speaking up. Over time, this cycle spirals downward, allowing the dominant opinion to appear increasingly ④unanimous while dissenting voices disappear from visible conversation. Social media platforms can intensify this spiral, since visibility metrics make popular opinions instantly ⑤noticeable while unpopular ones remain hidden.

When a price is crossed out and replaced with a lower number, consumers instinctively perceive the new price as a ①loss, even if the original price was rarely charged. Limited-time sales further ②intensify this effect, since a ticking clock encourages rushed decisions that leave little room for careful comparison. Retailers also use phrases such as "while supplies last" to suggest ③scarcity, even when inventory remains plentiful. Over time, frequent sales can actually train customers to wait for discounts rather than buy at full price, which can ④hurt long-term profits. Despite this risk, many companies continue relying on sales events because the short-term boost in customer traffic usually ⑤outweighs the potential downside.

Many people feel a sudden wave of anxiety when their smartphone battery is nearly dead or they have left it at home. This intense discomfort, known as nomophobia, is short for "no-mobile-phone phobia," a term describing the fear of losing connection to one's phone. Nomophobia involves physical symptoms, including a racing heart, sweating, and restlessness, whenever a person cannot check messages or social media. Researchers explain that this fear develops because smartphones have become tightly linked to social belonging; missing a notification can feel like being cut off from friends. For example, some students check their phones dozens of times an hour, even during class, just to confirm nothing important has been missed. Therefore, experts suggest gradually reducing phone checks to weaken this anxious dependence. ___________.

Sleep debt refers to the cumulative gap between the amount of sleep a person needs and the amount they actually get. Unlike a financial debt, however, this deficit cannot simply be repaid with a single long weekend of rest. When someone loses two hours of sleep every night for a week, the body does not treat the shortage as fourteen separate small losses; instead, it accumulates the deficit, and _______________. Researchers have found that even modest, chronic sleep restriction gradually impairs reaction time and decision-making, often without the affected person noticing the decline. This is because subjective feelings of tiredness tend to plateau after a few days, even as objective performance keeps deteriorating. Consequently, people frequently underestimate how much sleep debt they are carrying until a demanding task suddenly exposes the accumulated cost.

Modern sports wearables, from wrist-worn fitness trackers to smart insoles, continuously collect data that would once have required a laboratory to measure. (A) However, the flood of data has also created a new challenge, since distinguishing a meaningful pattern from ordinary daily fluctuation requires expertise that many amateur athletes simply do not have. (B) Coaches use this constant stream of information to detect early warning signs of overtraining, sometimes noticing a decline in performance before the athlete consciously feels tired. (C) Because of this, many teams now rely on wearable data as a routine part of daily monitoring, checking it as automatically as they once checked a stopwatch.

Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun guessing what word comes next. (A) The system also adapts to each individual, gradually learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would recognize. (B) This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users notice, since autocomplete may be quietly narrowing everyday vocabulary. (C) This feature relies on a language model trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates, saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day.