영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many people struggling to fall asleep in noisy environments turn to white noise machines, devices that ① emit a steady, uniform sound covering a broad range of frequencies. The appeal lies in a phenomenon called auditory masking, in which a constant background sound makes sudden noises ② less noticeable to the sleeping brain. Without this masking effect, an abrupt change in sound is far more likely ③ to trigger a brief awakening, even if the sleeper does not consciously remember it the next morning. Studies comparing sleep in quiet rooms with sleep alongside white noise have found that participants using white noise ④ experienced fewer of these brief awakenings. However, researchers caution that the benefit depends heavily on volume and consistency, since noise that is too loud or that ⑤ varying unpredictably can itself become a source of disruption rather than a remedy.

Fast fashion refers to cheap, trendy clothing ①**produced** quickly and replaced almost as fast as it is bought. Because these garments are ②**designed** to be worn only a few times, huge amounts of fabric end up in landfills every year, and the dyeing process pollutes rivers near factories. In contrast, a growing number of brands are turning toward the circular economy, an economic model in which materials are ③**reused**, repaired, or recycled instead of being thrown away after a single use. For example, some companies collect old clothes, break down the fibers, and weave them into new fabric, while others let customers ④**to rent** outfits for special occasions rather than buying garments they will barely wear. These approaches keep resources ⑤**circulating** within the system longer, reducing demand for raw materials. Therefore, shifting from a throwaway habit toward a circular one may be essential for making the fashion industry sustainable.

Carbon neutrality refers to a state in which the amount of greenhouse gases a country or company releases into the atmosphere is ①<u>balanced</u> by the amount it removes, resulting in zero net emissions. Achieving this goal typically requires several sequential stages rather than a single sudden action. First, organizations attempt to ②<u>reduce</u> emissions directly by replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power. Next, they ③<u>improve</u> efficiency throughout their operations, minimizing the energy wasted during production and transportation. Only after these direct measures have been ④<u>maximized</u> do most organizations turn to offsetting, which involves funding projects like reforestation or carbon capture to compensate for emissions that cannot yet be eliminated. Critics argue, however, that some companies exploit offsetting too early, using it to avoid making genuine reductions. Therefore, experts insist that a ⑤<u>flawed</u> roadmap must always prioritize actual emission cuts before relying on compensation.

Many companies today advertise their products as environmentally friendly, yet not all of these claims are ①accurate. Consumers, who are increasingly ②concerned about climate change, often trust such claims without questioning them closely. As a result, they may pay ③higher prices for products that are no more sustainable than ordinary alternatives. Genuine environmental efforts, which usually require significant investment and long-term planning, are far more ④costly than simply changing a label. Therefore, governments should establish clear standards that require companies to prove their environmental claims with ⑤unverifiable data.

The subscription economy refers to a business model in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. This model has expanded ①slowly beyond entertainment platforms into areas such as clothing, food, and even transportation. Companies benefit from predictable revenue, which allows them to plan production and marketing more ②efficiently than with one-time sales. For example, a monthly clothing subscription delivers new outfits ③automatically, saving customers the time and effort of shopping in stores. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people to pay for services they ④barely use. Consequently, experts recommend reviewing subscription lists ⑤regularly to avoid unnecessary expenses.

Among strategies for improving concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely recommended methods for students and workers. This technique involves ___________. After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes is usually taken to allow mental recovery. The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental fatigue from building up. Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more manageable. Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes less tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment than beginning an entire project.

Researchers who study teenagers have found a strong link between how well students sleep and how well they perform in school. (A) Students who sleep fewer than seven hours a night tend to score lower on tests of memory and attention than those who sleep eight or nine hours, even when the two groups study for the same number of hours. (B) One explanation is that sleep plays an active role in learning: during certain stages of sleep, the brain replays and strengthens information encountered during the day, converting fragile short-term memories into more durable long-term ones. (C) When sleep is cut short, this consolidation process is interrupted before it can finish, so material that seemed well understood the night before often feels unfamiliar the next morning. For this reason, some schools have begun rethinking early start times, reasoning that an extra hour of sleep might do more for test scores than an extra hour of studying ever could.

Some schools have begun asking students to submit an early draft alongside the final version, specifically to preserve evidence of a student's own original voice. Highlighting an awkward sentence and instantly seeing three smoother alternatives has become a routine part of writing for many students, thanks to AI writing assistants built into word processors and browsers. ( ① ) These tools check grammar and spelling, of course, but the more advanced versions go further, suggesting clearer phrasing, flagging repetitive words, and even adjusting tone to sound more formal or more casual depending on the purpose. ( ② ) Teachers generally welcome the grammar and spelling support, since it frees up class time to focus on argument and structure rather than comma placement. ( ③ ) Concerns grow, however, around the tone and phrasing suggestions, which can gradually nudge every student's writing toward a similar, polished style. ( ④ ) This makes it harder to tell an individual voice from a suggestion generated by the same underlying model. ( ⑤ )

This constant, individualized adjustment is what makes the technology feel so different from a standard workbook. Adaptive learning apps promise something no traditional classroom can easily offer: a lesson plan that adjusts itself to each individual student in real time. ( ① ) As a student answers practice questions, the app tracks which concepts are mastered and which remain shaky, then quietly reshuffles the next set of problems to target the weaker areas. ( ② ) Early studies suggest that this personalized pacing can help struggling students catch up faster than a one-size-fits-all worksheet ever could. ( ③ ) However, critics caution that an app cannot replace the encouragement, humor, and flexibility a human teacher brings to a lesson, especially when a student is frustrated rather than simply behind. ( ④ ) There is also a subtler concern: students who grow used to instant, algorithm-generated feedback may struggle later with the slower, more ambiguous kind of feedback that real-world tasks and mentors typically provide. ( ⑤ )

Treating only one side of this equation, therefore, often leaves the other free to sustain the sleeplessness on its own. Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. ( ① ) A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which the mind continues to race with worries about work, relationships, or even the inability to sleep itself, creating a frustrating cycle where anxiety about insomnia becomes a cause of insomnia. ( ② ) At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. ( ③ ) Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. ( ④ ) Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone. ( ⑤ )