영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

The subscription economy refers to a business model in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. This model has expanded ①slowly beyond entertainment platforms into areas such as clothing, food, and even transportation. Companies benefit from predictable revenue, which allows them to plan production and marketing more ②efficiently than with one-time sales. For example, a monthly clothing subscription delivers new outfits ③automatically, saving customers the time and effort of shopping in stores. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people to pay for services they ④barely use. Consequently, experts recommend reviewing subscription lists ⑤regularly to avoid unnecessary expenses.

Sociologist Erving Goffman argued that people constantly perform for others, much like actors managing their image on a stage, a concept known as impression management. This idea applies vividly to social media, where users select ①flattering photos and delete posts that might damage their reputation. Such careful curation allows people to present an ②idealized version of themselves that emphasizes achievements while hiding struggles or ordinary moments. However, when this performance becomes constant, a troubling gap can form between one's authentic self and the polished character displayed online. Maintaining that gap requires considerable emotional energy, and studies suggest it often leads to ③anxiety and exhaustion. Furthermore, comparing one's own carefully staged life to others' equally staged posts can ④distort what people believe is normal. Therefore, individuals should recognize that some self-presentation online is inevitable, but they must also ⑤ignore space where imperfection is allowed to remain visible.

Psychologist John Suler proposed a concept called the online disinhibition effect, describing how people behave differently on the internet than they do face to face. Because usernames often hide real identities and screens create physical distance from others, individuals feel freer to express themselves without immediate social consequences. This freedom can be ①beneficial, allowing shy people to share honest feelings they would normally hesitate to reveal in person. However, the same anonymity frequently produces a ②darker outcome, encouraging users to post cruel comments they would never say to someone's face. ③Malicious remarks left under celebrities' photos or news articles illustrate how quickly this behavior can spread once a few users set the tone. Such comments often cause ④severe emotional harm to the people who receive them. Therefore, users must recognize that a screen does not erase moral responsibility, and platforms should ⑤weaken accountability rather than letting anonymity excuse harmful conduct.

When Daniel was a child, he dreamed of becoming an astronaut, yet he assumed such careers belonged only to a handful of government scientists. During an internship, he helped design a small satellite intended to monitor crop health from orbit, a project that combined engineering with agricultural science. He realized that ___________. After graduation, Daniel joined a startup developing lunar landing equipment, a job that barely existed when he first imagined his future career.

Across many countries, high schools begin classes early in the morning, often before eight o'clock. This schedule assumes that teenagers can simply go to bed earlier to compensate, but biology tells a different story. During adolescence, the body's internal clock shifts later, delaying the release of melatonin until well after ten at night. As a result, most teenagers are not physiologically ready to fall asleep until much later than younger children or adults. When early start times force them to wake before their bodies have completed a full sleep cycle, the mismatch accumulates into a chronic sleep debt that affects concentration and mood throughout the school day. Researchers who study this mismatch argue that _______________. Some school districts that delayed their start times by thirty minutes reported improvements in attendance, suggesting that the timing of the school day matters more than commonly assumed.

Many people believe that a new habit becomes automatic after only twenty-one days, but researchers who examined real behavior found a different number. This project, called the 66-day habit formation study, tracked volunteers who tried to adopt a new daily habit, like drinking water with lunch. Researchers measured how automatic each action felt over time and found that habits needed ___________. Yet the actual time varied widely, ranging from about eighteen days for simple habits to over two hundred days for difficult ones. This wide range explains why the popular twenty-one-day claim, though easy to remember, rarely matches real experience.

Planning a multi-city trip once meant hours spent comparing flight schedules, reading hotel reviews, and mapping out which sights were close enough to visit in a single day. AI travel planners now compress much of that work into a short conversation, generating a full day-by-day itinerary within minutes. Many travelers appreciate having a solid starting point rather than a blank page. Still, seasoned travelers warn that _______________.

A navigation app calculating a route rarely relies on distance alone; instead, it constantly weighs real-time traffic reports, past congestion patterns, and even data from other drivers' phones currently on the road. (A) Residents of these once-quiet neighborhoods have increasingly complained about the sudden surge of unfamiliar traffic, arguing that the algorithm can end up creating a new problem for the wider community. (B) The convenience comes at a cost that few passengers consider, however, since redirecting thousands of drivers onto the same shortcut can make a quiet side street as congested as the highway it was meant to help travelers avoid. (C) This flood of information allows the app to reroute a driver away from a sudden accident within seconds, often before the driver has any idea the accident occurred at all.

주어진 문장: This feeling is not simply nervousness about being alone, but a specific condition that researchers have begun to study closely. Many people feel a sudden wave of anxiety when their smartphone battery is nearly dead or they have left it at home. ( ① ) This intense discomfort, known as nomophobia, is short for "no-mobile-phone phobia," a term describing the fear of losing connection to one's phone. ( ② ) Nomophobia involves physical symptoms, including a racing heart, sweating, and restlessness, whenever a person cannot check messages or social media. ( ③ ) Researchers explain that this fear develops because smartphones have become tightly linked to social belonging; missing a notification can feel like being cut off from friends. ( ④ ) For example, some students check their phones dozens of times an hour, even during class, just to confirm nothing important has been missed. Therefore, experts suggest gradually reducing phone checks to weaken this anxious dependence. ( ⑤ ) Recognizing nomophobia as a real psychological pattern is the first step toward a healthier relationship with technology.

주어진 문장: The financial and reputational damage caused by a single attack can be enormous. As more businesses move their operations online, cyberattacks have become one of the most serious threats facing modern companies. ( ① ) Hackers now target everything from small retail websites to massive financial institutions, stealing sensitive data or demanding ransom payments. ( ② ) In response, demand for cybersecurity professionals has surged across nearly every industry. ( ③ ) These specialists design systems that detect suspicious activity, patch vulnerabilities before criminals can exploit them, and train employees to recognize phishing attempts. ( ④ ) Universities have responded by creating specialized degree programs, while many companies now offer scholarships to attract students into this growing field. ( ⑤ ) Despite this expansion, experts estimate that millions of cybersecurity positions worldwide remain unfilled.