영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Communication scholar Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann proposed the spiral of silence theory to explain why certain opinions dominate public discussion while others fade into invisibility. According to this theory, individuals constantly ②observe their surrounding environment to judge which opinions are widely accepted and which are not. When people sense that their own view belongs to a minority, they often choose ③to stay silent rather than risk social isolation or criticism. This silence, however, creates a distorted impression that the minority opinion is even rarer than it actually is, ①discouraged additional supporters from speaking up. Over time, this cycle spirals downward, allowing the dominant opinion ④to appear increasingly unanimous while dissenting voices disappear from visible conversation. Social media platforms can intensify this spiral, since visibility metrics make popular opinions instantly noticeable while unpopular ones ⑤remain hidden.

Researchers who study teenagers have found a ① strong link between how well students sleep and how well they perform in school. Students who sleep fewer than seven hours a night tend to score ② lower on tests of memory and attention than those who sleep eight or nine hours, even when the two groups study for the same number of hours. One explanation is that sleep plays an active role in learning: during certain stages of sleep, the brain replays and strengthens information encountered during the day, converting fragile short-term memories into more ③ durable long-term ones. When sleep is cut short, this consolidation process is interrupted before it can finish, so material that seemed well understood the night before often feels ④ unfamiliar the next morning. For this reason, some schools have begun ⑤ confirming early start times, reasoning that an extra hour of sleep might do more for test scores than an extra hour of studying ever could.

Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, _______________. Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show improved grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and contentious process.

Modern factories increasingly rely on collaborative robots, often called cobots, which are designed to work safely alongside human employees. In practice, cobots typically handle repetitive or physically demanding tasks, such as lifting heavy parts, while human workers focus on tasks that require judgment and fine motor skills. This division of labor ___________, since each side contributes what it does best. Manufacturers who have introduced cobots report fewer workplace injuries and higher worker satisfaction, largely because employees no longer perform exhausting repetitive motions all day.

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which _______________. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

Across many countries, high schools begin classes early in the morning, often before eight o'clock. (A) Researchers who study this mismatch argue that the underlying problem is not laziness or poor discipline among students, but a scheduling system built around adult rhythms rather than adolescent ones. (B) This schedule assumes that teenagers can simply go to bed earlier to compensate, but biology tells a different story, because the body's internal clock shifts later during adolescence, delaying the release of melatonin until well after ten at night. (C) As a result, most teenagers are not physiologically ready to fall asleep until much later than adults, and when early start times force them to wake before completing a full sleep cycle, the mismatch accumulates into a chronic sleep debt.

Online advertising has become increasingly personalized as algorithms analyze user behavior in real time. (A) Critics, however, warn that this precision can be used to exploit psychological weaknesses rather than genuinely help consumers. (B) Supporters claim that this precision benefits users by reducing the number of irrelevant advertisements they encounter. (C) Given these opposing views, many experts call for greater transparency about how such algorithms actually operate.

Advertisers rely on a range of psychological strategies to shape how consumers perceive their products. (A) One especially common strategy involves showing large crowds of satisfied customers, implying that popularity equals quality. (B) These strategies work most effectively when viewers remain unaware that they are being persuaded at all. (C) For this reason, teaching people to recognize such techniques can reduce their persuasive power significantly.

주어진 문장: This is a significant shift from earlier generations, who often stuck with a single trusted brand for years. Generation Z, typically defined as those born between the late 1990s and early 2010s, approaches shopping quite differently from previous generations. ( ① ) Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products extensively online before making even small purchases. ( ② ) Unlike older generations, who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z prioritize a company's values, switching brands easily if one no longer matches their beliefs. ( ③ ) They also tend to favor secondhand and resale platforms, viewing sustainability as an important factor rather than an afterthought. ( ④ ) Peer recommendations shared through short videos frequently carry more weight than traditional celebrity endorsements. ( ⑤ ) Businesses that fail to adapt to these preferences risk losing an entire generation of potential customers.

주어진 문장: Unlike traditional employees, these workers are typically classified as independent contractors. The gig economy, in which people take on short-term or freelance jobs instead of full-time positions, has grown rapidly over the past decade. Digital platforms now connect customers directly with drivers, designers, writers, and countless other independent workers within minutes. ( ① ) This model offers clear advantages: workers can choose when and how much they work, and businesses can hire help only when they actually need it. ( ② ) For many young people entering the job market, gig work provides valuable flexibility that traditional employment rarely allows. ( ③ ) However, gig workers often lack benefits such as health insurance, paid leave, and retirement savings, which full-time employees typically receive. ( ④ ) Because their income can fluctuate sharply from month to month, many gig workers struggle to plan their finances confidently. ( ⑤ ) As this sector continues to expand, governments face growing pressure to design policies that protect independent workers.