영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

VO2 max, ① defined as the maximum volume of oxygen a person's body can consume and use during intense exercise, is widely regarded as one of the best single indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness. Elite endurance athletes typically post VO2 max values far higher than those of untrained individuals, ② reflecting hearts that pump larger volumes of blood and muscles that extract oxygen from that blood with remarkable efficiency. While genetics accounts for a substantial portion of an individual's potential VO2 max, consistent aerobic training can still ③ raise the measurement considerably over months of dedicated effort. Interval training, which alternates short bursts of near-maximal effort with periods of recovery, has proven particularly effective at ④ improve this measurement compared to steady, moderate-intensity exercise alone. It is worth noting, however, that a high VO2 max does not guarantee success in competition, since factors such as running economy, pacing strategy, and mental resilience also ⑤ play a decisive role in determining who actually crosses the finish line first.

Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally ① shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to ② impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to ③ unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show ④ worsened grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and ⑤ contentious process.

To ①compensate for their carbon emissions, many individuals and companies now purchase carbon offsets, financial credits that fund projects such as planting trees or building renewable energy plants. The idea is ②unappealing: paying for an equivalent amount of carbon to be absorbed elsewhere should cancel out the harm caused by activities like flying. However, critics argue that this system often functions as a convenient excuse for postponing ③genuine emission cuts rather than achieving them. For example, a newly planted forest may take decades to absorb the promised carbon, and it could later burn down or be cut, erasing any benefit. Moreover, some offset projects would have happened anyway, meaning the credits fund nothing truly ④additional. Experts insist that offsetting should complement, not replace, direct reductions in fossil fuel use if the strategy is to remain ⑤credible.

Generation Z, typically defined as those born between the late 1990s and early 2010s, approaches shopping quite differently from previous generations. Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products extensively online before making even small purchases. Unlike older generations, who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z prioritize a company's values, switching brands easily if one no longer matches their beliefs. They also tend to favor secondhand and resale platforms, viewing sustainability as an important factor rather than an afterthought. Peer recommendations shared through short videos frequently carry more weight than traditional celebrity endorsements. Businesses that fail to adapt to these preferences risk losing an entire generation of potential customers. Consequently, many companies now ___________.

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. During non-REM sleep, especially its deepest stage, the brain waves slow down dramatically, the body temperature drops, and tissue repair and growth hormone release reach their peak. This is the period most closely associated with physical restoration. REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements, near-total muscle paralysis, and brain activity that closely resembles wakefulness. Most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage, and researchers believe _______________. A healthy night typically cycles through both stages four or five times, with non-REM dominating the early hours and REM periods lengthening toward morning. Disrupting either stage, through frequent awakenings or alcohol use, can leave a person feeling unrested even after a full night in bed.

Among strategies for improving concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely recommended methods for students and workers. This technique involves ___________. After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes is usually taken to allow mental recovery. The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental fatigue from building up. Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more manageable. Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes less tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment than beginning an entire project.

Turning on automatic captions used to mean settling for garbled text full of obvious errors, but recent speech-recognition models have made same-language captions accurate enough that many viewers now leave them on by default. (A) For viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing, this improvement has quietly transformed everyday access to video content that once required a human transcriber and a considerable amount of time to caption properly. (B) The technology listens to audio, breaks it into individual sounds, and matches those sounds against a massive library of words and phrases to predict what was actually said. (C) The system still stumbles over overlapping speakers, strong accents, and specialized vocabulary, occasionally producing captions that are unintentionally funny.

The filter bubble does not stay limited to search results; it gradually shapes nearly every aspect of a person's online experience. (A) For instance, a user who frequently watches cooking videos may find that recommended content across multiple platforms becomes overwhelmingly food-related within just a few days. (B) As this pattern continues, the same user may rarely encounter unrelated topics, such as political news or scientific discoveries, unless algorithms judge them relevant. (C) Streaming services, shopping websites, and news aggregators all rely on similar algorithms that learn from previous clicks and viewing habits.

Every cell in the human body follows an internal timer known as the circadian rhythm, a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle that governs when we feel alert and when we feel drowsy. (A) This clock is regulated primarily by a tiny cluster of neurons in the brain that responds to light entering through the eyes, signaling the body to suppress sleep hormones each morning. (B) As evening approaches and light fades, however, the same mechanism triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that promotes drowsiness. (C) Because this rhythm evolved around the natural cycle of day and night, modern habits such as artificial light exposure or night shifts can push it out of sync, which has been linked to digestive problems and reduced concentration.

주어진 문장: This hesitation can appear even in group settings, where a single cautious voice may delay a decision for everyone. Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the present situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. ( ① ) This bias helps explain why many households hesitate to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. ( ② ) Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels safe and requires no immediate effort. ( ③ ) In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem risky compared with doing nothing. ( ④ ) For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly postpone a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on designing programs that make the first step feel easy.