영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Skipping a proper warm-up before intense exercise might seem like a harmless way to save a few minutes, but the practice carries real physiological costs. A cold muscle is ① more flexible and less elastic than a warm one, making it considerably more prone to strains and tears when suddenly asked to contract forcefully. Gradually raising body temperature through light activity ② increases blood flow to the muscles, allowing oxygen to reach tissue more efficiently and enabling nerve signals to travel faster between the brain and the muscle fibers. A proper warm-up also raises heart rate gradually, ③ easing the cardiovascular system into strenuous work rather than shocking it with a sudden demand. Athletes who warm up thoroughly tend to report ④ better performance in the early minutes of competition, since their bodies are already ⑤ primed rather than adjusting on the fly.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

As governments and companies work to address climate change, a new category of employment known as green jobs has expanded rapidly. Critics point out that transitioning workers from fossil fuel industries to green jobs is not always simple, since the required skills can differ significantly. Governments are therefore introducing training programs designed to help such workers shift smoothly into renewable energy careers. As climate goals become more urgent worldwide, ___________.

Choice architecture refers to how decisions are designed. It determines which option is automatically selected unless a person chooses otherwise, known as the default option. Research consistently shows that ___________, even when changing it takes only seconds. Organ donation is a well-known example. Countries where citizens are automatically registered as donors unless they opt out show much higher donation rates than opt-in countries. Retirement savings programs show a similar pattern, since employees automatically enrolled in a pension plan rarely cancel it. Voluntary sign-ups, in contrast, often delay indefinitely. Critics argue that default options can be manipulated to benefit companies rather than individuals, so transparency about how defaults are chosen becomes essential. Still, supporters insist that because some default must always exist, it should support people's own long-term interests rather than mere institutional convenience.

Anyone who has ridden a bicycle after a decade away from one has likely experienced muscle memory firsthand: the body seems to recall a complex skill almost instantly, even when conscious memory of the exact movements has faded. (A) Interestingly, research also suggests that these neural pathways can remain partially intact even after long periods without practice, which is why relearning a skill is typically much faster than learning it for the very first time. (B) Contrary to what the name suggests, muscles themselves do not actually store memories; the phenomenon originates in the brain and nervous system, where repeated practice gradually shifts control of a movement from conscious regions to areas that operate largely automatically. (C) This shift explains why a skilled athlete can execute a complicated sequence of movements without consciously thinking through each individual step, freeing mental attention for strategy and decision-making instead.

주어진 문장: Once audiences discover that a recommendation was insincere, they rarely trust that influencer again. Influencer marketing has become one of the most powerful tools that companies use to reach young consumers. ( ① ) Unlike traditional advertisements, which often feel distant and impersonal, posts created by influencers seem more like advice from a trusted friend. ( ② ) This sense of closeness, built through years of sharing daily life online, makes followers more willing to trust product recommendations than ordinary commercials. ( ③ ) However, this trust can be exploited when influencers promote products they have never actually tried. ( ④ ) As a result, several countries now require influencers to clearly disclose paid partnerships before posting sponsored content. ( ⑤ ) In the end, influencer marketing works best when it stays grounded in authenticity rather than mere popularity.

주어진 문장: That plan, however, took an unexpected turn during his final year of university. Jiho had always assumed he would join a large corporation after graduation, just as his parents expected. ( ① ) He joined a small student team building an app that connected local farmers directly with restaurants. ( ② ) What started as a class project gradually turned into something more serious, as several restaurants began placing regular orders through their prototype. ( ③ ) Jiho and his teammates decided to delay job applications and instead spend a year developing the idea, despite warnings from relatives who considered the plan too risky. ( ④ ) They worked from a cramped apartment, surviving on limited savings while learning skills ranging from coding to negotiating with suppliers. ( ⑤ ) After nearly failing twice, the team secured a small investment that allowed them to hire their first employee.

주어진 문장: Unlike traditional employees, these workers are typically classified as independent contractors. The gig economy, in which people take on short-term or freelance jobs instead of full-time positions, has grown rapidly over the past decade. Digital platforms now connect customers directly with drivers, designers, writers, and countless other independent workers within minutes. ( ① ) This model offers clear advantages: workers can choose when and how much they work, and businesses can hire help only when they actually need it. ( ② ) For many young people entering the job market, gig work provides valuable flexibility that traditional employment rarely allows. ( ③ ) However, gig workers often lack benefits such as health insurance, paid leave, and retirement savings, which full-time employees typically receive. ( ④ ) Because their income can fluctuate sharply from month to month, many gig workers struggle to plan their finances confidently. ( ⑤ ) As this sector continues to expand, governments face growing pressure to design policies that protect independent workers.

This grogginess occurs because the brain has not fully completed a sleep cycle and is abruptly pulled out of its deepest phase. A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without leaving a person groggy afterward. ( ① ) The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain to pass through the lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. ( ② ) If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks waking during deep sleep, which produces a foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. ( ③ ) Laboratory studies comparing napping and non-napping groups have repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. ( ④ ) Interestingly, the benefit appears strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most effective. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, many workplaces now designate quiet rooms where employees can recharge briefly during the day.

This built-in schedule does not simply respond to the clock on the wall; it is shaped directly by light itself. Every cell in the human body follows an internal timer known as the circadian rhythm, a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle that governs when we feel alert and when we feel drowsy. ( ① ) This clock is regulated primarily by a tiny cluster of neurons in the brain that responds to light entering through the eyes. ( ② ) When morning sunlight strikes the retina, the cluster signals the body to suppress sleep hormones and raise body temperature, preparing us for activity. ( ③ ) As evening approaches and light fades, the same mechanism triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that promotes drowsiness. ( ④ ) Because this rhythm evolved around the natural cycle of day and night, modern habits such as staying indoors under artificial light or working night shifts can push the internal clock out of sync with the external environment. ( ⑤ ) Such misalignment does not simply cause tiredness; it has also been associated with digestive problems and reduced concentration, suggesting that timing matters as much as total sleep hours.