영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers ①tend to spend more and recommend products to others. Companies invest significant resources in loyalty programs, ②offering points, discounts, and exclusive access to encourage repeat purchases. Genuine loyalty, critics contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers, not through artificial incentives that merely ③delays a customer's departure. Furthermore, excessive focus on retaining existing customers can cause companies ④to neglect innovation, since they assume loyal buyers will continue purchasing regardless of improvements. Relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately ⑤backfire.

Many companies now advertise themselves as environmentally responsible, yet a growing number of these claims ①turn out to be misleading. This practice, known as greenwashing, ②occurs when a business spends more effort marketing its products as eco-friendly than actually reducing environmental harm. A company might launch a recycled-packaging line while ③continuing to pollute rivers through its main factories, creating a false impression of genuine change. Such tactics deceive well-intentioned consumers who wish to shop responsibly but ④lacks the tools to verify corporate claims. In contrast, truly sustainable businesses publish detailed, independently verified data about their emissions and supply chains, ⑤allowing outsiders to check their progress.

Self-driving technology is advancing rapidly, and its impact on the transportation industry is becoming increasingly ①visible. Companies are testing autonomous trucks that can travel long distances without human drivers, potentially ②transforming how goods move across countries. Millions of professional drivers worry about losing their jobs as automation ③spreads through the industry. Experts predict that certain driving jobs, particularly long-distance trucking, may shrink significantly within the next two decades. However, new roles are also ④emerging, including remote vehicle operators who monitor fleets of autonomous trucks. Workers who adapt their skills toward supervising and maintaining these systems are likely to find new opportunities rather than face ⑤employment.

These platforms allow individuals to sell clothing, electronics, and furniture directly to other consumers, cutting out traditional retail markups entirely. For younger buyers especially, purchasing secondhand items has become associated with ①resourcefulness rather than financial necessity. However, buying secondhand carries certain ②risks, since items cannot always be inspected closely before purchase, and some sellers misrepresent the condition of their products. To address this problem, many platforms now offer buyer protection programs and ③vague rating systems for sellers. As ④trust in these systems continues to grow, secondhand trading is expected to ⑤expand even further in the coming years.

On a summer evening, downtown streets often feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when _______________. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly radiate it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

Generation Z is reshaping consumer culture in ways that surprise many traditional marketers. (A) As a result, brands that rely solely on flashy advertising campaigns often struggle to win their loyalty. (B) They tend to research thoroughly before buying and expect companies to demonstrate genuine values, not just attractive slogans. (C) Instead, this generation responds more strongly to transparency and honest communication from the brands they support.

That two- or three-hour gap may look modest on paper, but its effects accumulate quickly, touching everything from mood to memory. Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. ( ① ) Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. ( ② ) Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. ( ③ ) The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. ( ④ ) It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show improved grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. ( ⑤ ) Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and contentious process.

주어진 문장: At first glance, this seems to suggest that Dunbar's theory no longer applies in the digital age. Anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only maintain about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. ( ① ) This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, which restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. ( ② ) In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. ( ③ ) However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships are close or emotionally supportive. ( ④ ) Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain largely unnoticed. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, Dunbar's number reminds us that genuine, lasting relationships require consistent effort and attention, something that a large online network alone cannot provide.

주어진 문장: She almost forgot about it by the next week, assuming the habit would not last long. Until last spring, Minji rarely thought twice about tossing a paper cup into the trash after finishing her coffee. ( ① ) Environmental issues seemed distant, something scientists and politicians should handle rather than an ordinary student like her. ( ② ) That changed when her class was assigned a documentary about plastic waste drifting through the ocean, footage she initially expected to find boring. Instead, watching seabirds mistake plastic fragments for food left her strangely unsettled, and she found herself thinking about the assignment long after class ended. ( ③ ) The next morning, almost without deciding to, she slipped her old tumbler into her backpack instead of buying a disposable cup on the way to school. ( ④ ) It felt like a small, meaningless gesture at first. ( ⑤ ) However, as weeks passed, she realized that consistently choosing the tumbler, declining a plastic straw, and reusing a shopping bag were quietly adding up. Small choices, she discovered, become meaningful once repeated.

주어진 문장: Many of them said they had simply seen photos online and wanted to experience the space for themselves. Last spring, a small cosmetics brand opened a pop-up store in a busy shopping district for just two weeks. ( ① ) Rather than displaying products in the usual manner, the team designed the space to resemble a colorful garden, inviting visitors to explore and take photographs. ( ② ) Word spread quickly through social media as customers shared images of the unusual setting with their friends and followers. ( ③ ) Lines formed outside the store within days, even though the products themselves were already available online. ( ④ ) Curious about this success, a marketing researcher later interviewed several visitors, who explained that the temporary nature of the event made the experience feel special. ( ⑤ ) Many admitted they had never previously purchased from the brand but decided to buy something simply to remember the visit.