영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Modern advertising increasingly relies on personal data ①collected from users' browsing habits, search histories, and social media activity. Companies argue that this approach benefits consumers by showing advertisements that are more relevant to their actual interests. However, many critics contend that this level of tracking raises serious concerns about privacy, since users rarely understand how extensively their behavior ②is being monitored. Some algorithms can predict purchasing decisions before consumers themselves are consciously aware of them, ③which feel unsettling to many people. Furthermore, personalized advertising can trap users in a narrow bubble, repeatedly showing them similar products and ④limiting their exposure to alternatives. Supporters counter that consumers who dislike targeted ads can simply ⑤adjust their privacy settings.

One common method, known as social proof, shows images of many people using or enjoying a product, suggesting that its ①popularity guarantees quality. Another technique appeals to authority, featuring experts or professionals endorsing a product to make it seem more ②credible and trustworthy. Repetition also plays a significant role, since seeing the same advertisement multiple times ③decreases familiarity, which people often mistake for reliability. Researchers studying consumer behavior have found that viewers who understand these techniques are less easily ④influenced by them, since awareness disrupts the automatic psychological response advertisers depend on. For this reason, media literacy programs increasingly teach students to ⑤recognize persuasive techniques hidden within everyday advertisements.

When Mina graduated from college five years ago, she had never even heard the term "data scientist." After graduation, she ①struggled to find a job that matched her interests, since most companies did not fully understand what her skills were worth. Everything changed when a small tech startup hired her to ②analyze massive amounts of data. Mina quickly discovered that she loved turning raw numbers into insights that helped real people make ③worse decisions. Within two years, demand for professionals like her had ④exploded, as companies in every industry realized how valuable data could be. Today, Mina ⑤leads a team of ten analysts, mentoring young graduates.

Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally ① shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to ② impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to ③ unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show ④ worsened grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and ⑤ contentious process.

Turning on automatic captions used to mean settling for garbled text full of obvious errors, but recent speech-recognition models have made same-language captions ① accurate enough that many viewers now leave them on by default, even when watching content in their native language. The technology listens to audio, breaks it into individual sounds, and matches those sounds against a massive library of words and phrases to predict what was actually said. For viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing, this improvement has quietly ② transformed everyday access to video content that once required a human transcriber and a considerable amount of time to caption properly. The system still ③ excels at overlapping speakers, strong accents, and specialized vocabulary such as medical or technical terms, occasionally producing captions that are unintentionally funny. Even with these ④ flaws, most users agree that imperfect captions are far more ⑤ useful than no captions at all.

Many companies today advertise their products as environmentally friendly, yet not all of these claims are ①accurate. Consumers, who are increasingly ②concerned about climate change, often trust such claims without questioning them closely. As a result, they may pay ③higher prices for products that are no more sustainable than ordinary alternatives. Genuine environmental efforts, which usually require significant investment and long-term planning, are far more ④costly than simply changing a label. Therefore, governments should establish clear standards that require companies to prove their environmental claims with ⑤unverifiable data.

Before making a purchase, most online shoppers now read reviews written by previous customers rather than relying solely on advertisements. These reviews, posted by people who have no financial connection to the seller, often seem more trustworthy than promotional claims. Research shows that products with a large number of positive reviews sell significantly more than those with few or no reviews at all. However, fake reviews written by paid writers or even automated programs have become a serious problem, undermining consumer trust. Platforms that fail to detect these fraudulent posts risk losing credibility with their users, who expect authentic opinions when making decisions. To address this issue, several review platforms have begun using artificial intelligence to identify suspicious patterns. Ultimately, the power of online reviews ___________.

The classification of platform workers has become one of the most debated issues in modern labor law. (A) For this reason, companies generally prefer classifying these workers as independent contractors rather than full employees. (B) Being classified this way, however, means workers miss out on protections such as minimum wage and paid leave. (C) Employee status requires companies to provide benefits and follow strict labor regulations, which increases operating costs.

Many economists have studied how automation affects different sectors of the economy, and their research reveals a consistent pattern. (A) For example, manufacturing plants that adopted robotics saw production speed double within five years, while the number of routine assembly jobs fell sharply. (B) As a result, workers today are encouraged to develop skills that complement machines rather than compete with them, such as creativity and critical thinking. (C) At first, automation mainly affected repetitive manual tasks in manufacturing, but it has since spread into administrative and even creative fields.

주어진 문장: In other words, silence breeds even more silence, feeding a self-reinforcing cycle. Communication scholar Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann proposed the spiral of silence theory to explain why certain opinions dominate public discussion while others fade into invisibility. ( ① ) According to this theory, individuals constantly observe their surrounding environment to judge which opinions are widely accepted and which are not. ( ② ) When people sense that their own view belongs to a minority, they often choose to stay silent rather than risk social isolation or criticism. ( ③ ) This silence, however, creates a distorted impression that the minority opinion is even rarer than it actually is, discouraging additional supporters from speaking up. ( ④ ) Over time, this cycle spirals downward, allowing the dominant opinion to appear increasingly unanimous while dissenting voices disappear from visible conversation. ( ⑤ ) Social media platforms can intensify this spiral, since visibility metrics make popular opinions instantly noticeable while unpopular ones remain hidden.