영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Coaches have traditionally focused athlete preparation on training volume and nutrition, but a growing body of research ① suggests that sleep deserves equal attention. During deep sleep, the body releases growth hormone, a substance essential for ② repairing muscle tissue damaged during intense training, while the brain consolidates motor skills practiced earlier that day into more stable, efficient patterns. Athletes who sleep fewer than seven hours a night have been shown ③ suffering more injuries, slower reaction times, and reduced accuracy compared to well-rested peers performing the identical drills. Frequent travel across time zones compounds this challenge considerably, since jet lag can ④ disrupt an athlete's natural sleep-wake cycle for several days after a long flight. In response, many professional teams now employ sleep specialists ⑤ who design travel schedules, control bedroom lighting and temperature, and even adjust competition start times when possible.

These platforms allow individuals to sell clothing, electronics, and furniture directly to other consumers, cutting out traditional retail markups entirely. For younger buyers especially, purchasing secondhand items has become associated with ①resourcefulness rather than financial necessity. However, buying secondhand carries certain ②risks, since items cannot always be inspected closely before purchase, and some sellers misrepresent the condition of their products. To address this problem, many platforms now offer buyer protection programs and ③vague rating systems for sellers. As ④trust in these systems continues to grow, secondhand trading is expected to ⑤expand even further in the coming years.

Automation is transforming labor markets more ①quickly than economists predicted a decade ago. Factories once staffed by hundreds of workers now rely on robotic arms that assemble products with remarkable ②precision. This shift does not simply eliminate jobs; it also creates roles that never existed before, so technicians who maintain robotic equipment are now in high ③demand. Companies that invested early in automation often report steady increases in productivity, since machines handle repetitive tasks while employees focus on ④creative problem-solving. Without proper retraining support, the benefits of automation may not be shared fairly, ⑤narrowing inequality between skilled and unskilled labor.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists who studied this bias found that ___________. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later prove far too optimistic once delays appear. One reason this bias persists is that people rarely review their history of missed deadlines, relying instead on hopeful imagination. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, comparing a new task to similar completed tasks. By anchoring predictions to real outcomes, planners can produce estimates that are considerably more accurate.

Limited-edition products are goods that are released in small quantities for a short period of time. Many companies use this strategy because ___________. When consumers believe that a product will disappear soon, they often feel pressured to buy it immediately rather than wait. For instance, a sneaker company that releases only a few thousand pairs of a special design can generate long lines outside stores overnight. This excitement is intensified by social media, where people proudly share photos of items that others could not obtain. However, this psychological pressure can lead to purchases that are driven by fear rather than genuine need. As a result, some shoppers later regret spending money on products they rarely use afterward.

After a viewer finishes an episode, a streaming service rarely leaves the choice of what to watch next entirely up to chance. Instead, a recommendation algorithm compares that viewer's habits with patterns drawn from millions of other users, then ranks thousands of titles in order of predicted interest. The system is not without drawbacks, however. Because the algorithm favors titles similar to what a viewer already enjoys, it can quietly narrow someone's exposure to unfamiliar genres, directors, or cultures, creating a comfortable but repetitive bubble. Some platforms have begun inserting occasional wildcard suggestions, deliberately unrelated to past viewing habits, in an attempt to _______________.

ESG management refers to a company's efforts to consider Environmental, Social, and Governance factors alongside profit when making business decisions. Investors increasingly rely on ESG ratings to judge whether a company is managed responsibly and sustainably over the long term. Recently, however, many corporations have learned to boost their ESG scores without genuinely transforming their operations. Some firms publish glossy reports filled with impressive statistics while their actual carbon emissions barely decline, exploiting the fact that ESG evaluation systems still lack consistent global standards. This gap between appearance and substance has led critics to demand stricter, more transparent criteria for measuring corporate responsibility. Genuine ESG management, in contrast, requires _______________. Investors who wish to identify truly responsible companies should therefore examine detailed disclosures instead of trusting labels alone.

Debates about remote work often focus on how it affects both individual employees and entire organizations. (A) For instance, several surveys show that remote employees report higher job satisfaction and fewer sick days than office-based workers. (B) On the other hand, managers point out that spontaneous conversations, which often spark new ideas, rarely happen when everyone works separately. (C) Some studies highlight clear benefits for workers, showing that flexible schedules reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

주어진 문장: Some researchers even suggest that painting rooftops white could further help reflect sunlight away from buildings. On a summer evening, downtown streets often feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. ( ① ) This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. ( ② ) Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly radiate it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. ( ③ ) Tall buildings packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. ( ④ ) In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: Once audiences discover that a recommendation was insincere, they rarely trust that influencer again. Influencer marketing has become one of the most powerful tools that companies use to reach young consumers. ( ① ) Unlike traditional advertisements, which often feel distant and impersonal, posts created by influencers seem more like advice from a trusted friend. ( ② ) This sense of closeness, built through years of sharing daily life online, makes followers more willing to trust product recommendations than ordinary commercials. ( ③ ) However, this trust can be exploited when influencers promote products they have never actually tried. ( ④ ) As a result, several countries now require influencers to clearly disclose paid partnerships before posting sponsored content. ( ⑤ ) In the end, influencer marketing works best when it stays grounded in authenticity rather than mere popularity.