영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When the body fights off an infection, the immune system relies heavily on ① adequate sleep to function effectively. During deep sleep, the body produces and releases cytokines, proteins ② that help regulate immune responses and coordinate the fight against harmful invaders. People who consistently sleep fewer than six hours a night ③ shows measurably weaker antibody responses after vaccination compared with those who sleep seven or eight hours. Chronic sleep deprivation also appears ④ to promote low-grade inflammation throughout the body, a state that has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Rather than being a passive state, sleep functions as an active period during which the immune system ⑤ repairs itself and prepares for future threats.

Psychologist Leon Festinger introduced social comparison theory, which ①explains that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves with others. According to this theory, individuals engage in upward comparison when they measure themselves against someone ②who appears more successful, attractive, or accomplished. Social media platforms, filled with carefully edited photos and exaggerated achievements, ③provide endless opportunities for this kind of comparison. For instance, a teenager browsing vacation pictures posted by classmates may begin to feel that her own ordinary life ④are somehow inadequate. Unlike comparing oneself with someone in a similar position, which can sometimes boost confidence, upward comparison frequently ⑤triggers envy, dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem.

VO2 max, defined as the maximum volume of oxygen a person's body can consume and use during intense exercise, is widely regarded as one of the best single indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness. Elite endurance athletes typically post VO2 max values far ① higher than those of untrained individuals, reflecting hearts that pump larger volumes of blood and muscles that extract oxygen from that blood with remarkable efficiency. While genetics accounts for a substantial portion of an individual's potential VO2 max, consistent aerobic training can still ② raise the measurement considerably over months of dedicated effort. Interval training, which alternates short bursts of near-maximal effort with periods of recovery, has proven particularly ③ effective at improving this measurement compared to steady, moderate-intensity exercise alone. It is worth noting, however, that a high VO2 max does not guarantee success in competition, since factors such as running economy, pacing strategy, and mental resilience also play a ④ decisive role in determining who actually crosses the finish line first. These additional factors remain ⑤ irrelevant to overall performance.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Not all environmental changes happen at the same steady pace. (A) A well-known example involves melting Arctic ice, which exposes darker ocean water that absorbs more sunlight and speeds up further melting in a self-reinforcing cycle. (B) Once this kind of threshold is crossed, reversing the damage becomes extremely difficult, which is why scientists consider identifying these points an urgent priority. (C) Some changes accumulate slowly and predictably, while others can suddenly accelerate once a critical threshold, known as a tipping point, is crossed.

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without leaving a person groggy afterward. (A) If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks waking during deep sleep, which produces a foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. (B) The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain to pass through the lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. (C) Laboratory studies comparing napping and non-napping groups have repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most effective. For this reason, many workplaces now designate quiet rooms where employees can recharge briefly during the day.

Researchers who study teenagers have found a strong link between how well students sleep and how well they perform in school. (A) Students who sleep fewer than seven hours a night tend to score lower on tests of memory and attention than those who sleep eight or nine hours, even when the two groups study for the same number of hours. (B) One explanation is that sleep plays an active role in learning: during certain stages of sleep, the brain replays and strengthens information encountered during the day, converting fragile short-term memories into more durable long-term ones. (C) When sleep is cut short, this consolidation process is interrupted before it can finish, so material that seemed well understood the night before often feels unfamiliar the next morning. For this reason, some schools have begun rethinking early start times, reasoning that an extra hour of sleep might do more for test scores than an extra hour of studying ever could.

The filter bubble does not stay limited to search results; it gradually shapes nearly every aspect of a person's online experience. (A) For instance, a user who frequently watches cooking videos may find that recommended content across multiple platforms becomes overwhelmingly food-related within just a few days. (B) As this pattern continues, the same user may rarely encounter unrelated topics, such as political news or scientific discoveries, unless algorithms judge them relevant. (C) Streaming services, shopping websites, and news aggregators all rely on similar algorithms that learn from previous clicks and viewing habits.

A joke that depends on wordplay in one language, for example, may become confusing or even meaningless once it is translated literally into another. Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results rather than trusting them. ( ① ) Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word. ( ② ) This shift has made everyday tasks such as reading a foreign menu or chatting with an overseas friend remarkably smooth. ( ③ ) Frequent travelers now point their phone cameras at street signs and receive an instant translation overlaid on the screen. ( ④ ) Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, areas where a single wrong word can completely change the intended meaning. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, professional translators argue that these apps are best treated as a helpful starting point rather than a final, polished result.

In other words, what looks like a lack of discipline may actually be a biological mismatch. Across many countries, high schools begin classes early in the morning, often before eight o'clock. ( ① ) This schedule assumes that teenagers can simply go to bed earlier to compensate, but biology tells a different story. ( ② ) During adolescence, the body's internal clock shifts later, delaying the release of melatonin until well after ten at night. ( ③ ) As a result, most teenagers are not physiologically ready to fall asleep until much later than younger children or adults are, and when early start times force them to wake before their bodies have completed a full sleep cycle, the mismatch accumulates into a chronic sleep debt that affects concentration and mood throughout the school day. ( ④ ) Researchers who study this mismatch argue that the underlying problem is not laziness or poor discipline among students, but a scheduling system built around adult rhythms rather than adolescent ones. ( ⑤ ) Some school districts that delayed their start times by thirty minutes reported improvements in attendance.