영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun ① guessing what word comes next. This feature relies on a language model ② trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates above the keyboard, saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day. The system also adapts to each individual, gradually ③ learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would recognize. This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users ④ notices. Because the keyboard nudges people toward its own suggestions, some linguists worry that autocomplete may be quietly narrowing everyday vocabulary, encouraging writers ⑤ to accept a convenient suggestion rather than searching for the more precise word.

An echo chamber refers to an online environment where people are mainly exposed to opinions that already ①match their own beliefs. This phenomenon occurs because social media algorithms tend to recommend content similar to what users have previously liked or shared, gradually ②narrowing the range of perspectives they encounter. As a result, individuals inside an echo chamber ③frequently engage with viewpoints that challenge their existing assumptions, which allows their original beliefs to grow increasingly extreme over time. For example, someone who frequently reads articles supporting one political party may begin to see the opposing party as entirely ④unreasonable, having never seriously considered its arguments. Political polarization, a significant issue in many countries today, is often linked to this pattern of ⑤selective exposure.

After a viewer finishes an episode, a streaming service rarely leaves the choice of what to watch next entirely up to chance. Instead, a recommendation algorithm ① compares that viewer's habits with patterns drawn from millions of other users who watched similar content, then ranks thousands of titles in order of predicted interest. This approach keeps viewers ② disengaged far longer than a simple list of new releases ever could, which is precisely why streaming companies invest so heavily in refining it. The system is not without drawbacks, however. Because the algorithm favors titles similar to what a viewer already enjoys, it can quietly ③ narrow someone's exposure to unfamiliar genres, directors, or cultures, creating a comfortable but repetitive bubble. Some platforms have begun inserting occasional wildcard suggestions, deliberately unrelated to past viewing habits, in an attempt to ④ counteract this narrowing effect and keep recommendations from becoming too ⑤ predictable.

Anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only ①abandon about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, which ②restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far ③exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships are ④close or emotionally supportive. Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain largely ⑤unnoticed.

A smart thermostat that learns a family's daily rhythm can lower the temperature automatically before everyone wakes up cold, while smart lights that follow a resident's schedule no longer need to be switched on and off by hand. These small ① conveniences rest on a shared foundation: sensors collect data about temperature, motion, and light throughout the home, and an algorithm gradually learns which settings match each household's actual habits rather than a factory default. Over months of use, the system becomes noticeably ② better at anticipating needs, often adjusting settings moments before a resident would have reached for a switch. Yet convenience comes with a trade-off that many households ③ overlook. Every one of these small adjustments depends on constant data collection, meaning that a detailed record of daily habits is quietly being ④ stored somewhere ⑤ beyond their immediate control, giving residents full and constant access to exactly how it is used.

Time-management researchers frequently mention a principle known as Parkinson's Law, which states that ___________. According to this idea, a task that could be finished in one hour will often stretch to fill an entire afternoon if that much time is scheduled for it. Students who set vague deadlines frequently experience this effect, spending extra hours refining a report that was already complete. Employees given a full week for a simple project may also delay meaningful progress until the final days, even though the actual work requires far less effort. This pattern happens partly because people unconsciously adjust their pace to match perceived urgency. Setting shorter, more specific deadlines can counter this tendency, forcing tasks to fit within a tighter and more realistic window. By recognizing how flexible time encourages unnecessary delay, individuals can complete assignments more efficiently without sacrificing quality.

Instead of typing keywords into a search bar, a growing number of people now simply upload a photo and let an algorithm figure out what it contains. Shoppers use it to find where an item seen on the street can be purchased, while students use it to identify plants, insects, or historical artworks in seconds. The system works by breaking an image down into countless small features, such as edges, colors, and shapes, then matching that pattern against millions of stored examples. It is not flawless, however; a blurry photo, an unusual camera angle, or an object partly hidden behind another can easily confuse the algorithm, leading to _______________.

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. (A) REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements and brain activity resembling wakefulness, and is believed to help consolidate memories and process emotions. (B) A healthy night cycles through both stages several times, and disrupting either one can leave a person feeling unrested despite a full night in bed. (C) During non-REM sleep, particularly its deepest stage, the brain waves slow dramatically and the body focuses on physical repair.

Many economists have studied how automation affects different sectors of the economy, and their research reveals a consistent pattern. (A) For example, manufacturing plants that adopted robotics saw production speed double within five years, while the number of routine assembly jobs fell sharply. (B) As a result, workers today are encouraged to develop skills that complement machines rather than compete with them, such as creativity and critical thinking. (C) At first, automation mainly affected repetitive manual tasks in manufacturing, but it has since spread into administrative and even creative fields.

A joke that depends on wordplay in one language, for example, may become confusing or even meaningless once it is translated literally into another. Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results rather than trusting them. ( ① ) Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word. ( ② ) This shift has made everyday tasks such as reading a foreign menu or chatting with an overseas friend remarkably smooth. ( ③ ) Frequent travelers now point their phone cameras at street signs and receive an instant translation overlaid on the screen. ( ④ ) Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, areas where a single wrong word can completely change the intended meaning. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, professional translators argue that these apps are best treated as a helpful starting point rather than a final, polished result.