영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without leaving a person ① refreshed afterward. The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain to pass through the ② lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks waking during deep sleep, which produces a ③ foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. Laboratory studies comparing napping and non-napping groups have ④ repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears ⑤ strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most effective.

Psychologist John Suler proposed a concept called the online disinhibition effect, describing how people behave differently on the internet than they do face to face. Because usernames often hide real identities and screens create physical distance from others, individuals feel freer to express themselves without immediate social consequences. This freedom can be ①beneficial, allowing shy people to share honest feelings they would normally hesitate to reveal in person. However, the same anonymity frequently produces a ②darker outcome, encouraging users to post cruel comments they would never say to someone's face. ③Malicious remarks left under celebrities' photos or news articles illustrate how quickly this behavior can spread once a few users set the tone. Such comments often cause ④severe emotional harm to the people who receive them. Therefore, users must recognize that a screen does not erase moral responsibility, and platforms should ⑤weaken accountability rather than letting anonymity excuse harmful conduct.

Have you ever felt a ①boring class lasted forever while an exciting weekend disappeared in an instant? This common experience reflects what psychologists call the distortion of time perception: subjective time can differ from actual clock time. Researchers explain that people who focus intensely on an enjoyable activity process fewer separate moments, so time seems to pass ②slowly. In contrast, bored or anxious people pay ③closer attention to each moment, making time feel as though it is dragging. When people become deeply ④engaged in a task, they often lose track of time, unaware of how many minutes have passed. For example, athletes and musicians often say that hours felt like minutes while they were fully ⑤absorbed in performance.

As technology continues to reshape nearly every profession, the idea of finishing education after graduation has become ①fashionable. Workers who once expected their initial training to last an entire career now find that skills can become obsolete within just a few years. Lifelong learning, therefore, has shifted from being an optional pursuit to a practical ②necessity for staying competitive in the job market. Companies that support this kind of continuous education often ③benefit as well, since employees bring fresh knowledge back into their daily tasks. Critics argue that constant learning can be ④exhausting and difficult to balance with personal responsibilities. Nevertheless, most career experts insist that those who resist ongoing education risk falling ⑤behind their peers.

Retailers use a variety of techniques designed to encourage customers to make unplanned purchases. Placing small, inexpensive items near checkout counters, for example, tempts shoppers who are already waiting in line with little else to do. Online stores achieve a similar effect through countdown timers that create a false sense of urgency, suggesting that a deal will vanish within minutes. Bright colors, cheerful music, and pleasant scents are also carefully chosen to put customers in a relaxed mood, making them less likely to think critically about their spending. Critics argue that these tactics ___________. Supporters of the industry insist that such techniques merely make shopping more enjoyable and are not inherently deceptive.

Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers tend to spend more and recommend products to others. Companies invest significant resources in loyalty programs, offering points, discounts, and exclusive access to encourage repeat purchases. However, some critics argue that these programs manipulate consumers into staying with a brand out of habit rather than genuine satisfaction. Genuine loyalty, they contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers, not through artificial incentives that merely delay a customer's departure. As markets become more competitive, relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately backfire. Therefore, companies should treat loyalty ___________.

Remote work has moved from a rare privilege to a common practice for millions of employees worldwide. Supporters argue that remote work increases productivity, since employees avoid long commutes and distracting office environments. It also allows companies to hire talented people regardless of where they live, widening the pool of candidates. Critics, however, worry that remote work weakens teamwork and makes it harder for new employees to learn from experienced colleagues. Without regular face-to-face interaction, some workers feel isolated and struggle to build strong professional relationships. For these reasons, many experts suggest that the future of work will likely be ___________, combining flexibility with occasional in-person collaboration.

The filter bubble does not stay limited to search results; it gradually shapes nearly every aspect of a person's online experience. (A) For instance, a user who frequently watches cooking videos may find that recommended content across multiple platforms becomes overwhelmingly food-related within just a few days. (B) As this pattern continues, the same user may rarely encounter unrelated topics, such as political news or scientific discoveries, unless algorithms judge them relevant. (C) Streaming services, shopping websites, and news aggregators all rely on similar algorithms that learn from previous clicks and viewing habits.

The classification of platform workers has become one of the most debated issues in modern labor law. (A) For this reason, companies generally prefer classifying these workers as independent contractors rather than full employees. (B) Being classified this way, however, means workers miss out on protections such as minimum wage and paid leave. (C) Employee status requires companies to provide benefits and follow strict labor regulations, which increases operating costs.

주어진 문장: In contrast, downward comparison, which involves comparing oneself with someone worse off, can temporarily boost self-esteem instead. Psychologist Leon Festinger introduced social comparison theory, which explains that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves with others. ( ① ) According to this theory, individuals engage in upward comparison when they measure themselves against someone who appears more successful, attractive, or accomplished. ( ② ) Social media platforms, filled with carefully edited photos and exaggerated achievements, provide endless opportunities for this kind of comparison. ( ③ ) For instance, a teenager browsing vacation pictures posted by classmates may begin to feel that her own ordinary life is somehow inadequate. ( ④ ) Unlike comparing oneself with someone in a similar position, which can sometimes boost confidence, upward comparison frequently triggers envy, dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem. ( ⑤ ) Researchers have found that frequent upward comparison online is linked to higher depression and anxiety. Consequently, this theory helps explain why scrolling through social media often leaves users feeling worse rather than better about themselves.