영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Secondhand trading platforms, once considered a niche market for used goods, have grown into a mainstream part of consumer culture. Rising prices for new products, combined with growing awareness of environmental waste, have encouraged many shoppers to consider used items before purchasing something brand new. These platforms allow individuals to sell clothing, electronics, and furniture directly to other consumers, cutting out traditional retail markups entirely. For younger buyers especially, purchasing secondhand items has become associated with resourcefulness rather than financial necessity, ①change how such purchases are perceived socially. To ②address this problem, many platforms now ③offer buyer protection programs and detailed rating systems for sellers. As trust in these systems continues to grow, secondhand trading is ④expected to ⑤expand even further in the coming years.

An echo chamber refers to an online environment where people are mainly ①exposed to opinions that already match their own beliefs. This phenomenon occurs because social media algorithms tend to ②recommending content similar to what users have previously liked or shared, gradually narrowing the range of perspectives they encounter. As a result, individuals inside an echo chamber rarely engage with viewpoints ③that challenge their existing assumptions, which allows their original beliefs to grow increasingly extreme over time. For example, someone who frequently reads articles supporting one political party may begin to see the opposing party as entirely unreasonable, ④having never seriously considered its arguments. Political polarization, a significant issue in many countries today, is often ⑤linked to this pattern of selective exposure.

Limited-edition products are goods that are released in small quantities for a ①short period of time. Many companies use this strategy because scarcity naturally ②decreases how much people desire an item. When consumers believe that a product will disappear soon, they often feel ③pressured to buy it immediately rather than wait. This excitement is ④intensified by social media, where people proudly share photos of items that others could not obtain. As a result, some shoppers later ⑤regret spending money on products they rarely use afterward.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit ①begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an ②automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a ③negative feeling that makes it want to ④repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run almost without ⑤conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires changing the routine while keeping the same cue and reward. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Many students ①assume that perfectionists work harder than everyone else, but psychologists describe a puzzling pattern called the perfectionism-procrastination cycle. Because perfectionists set impossibly high standards, they often feel ②anxious before they even begin, and the task feels overwhelming. They then ③accelerate the work to avoid facing their own unrealistic expectations, even though delay only increases their stress later. Likewise, an employee facing an important report may check emails repeatedly rather than begin drafting, fearing an early attempt will seem ④inadequate. Ironically, this avoidance guarantees the very failure that perfectionists dread, since ⑤rushed, last-minute work rarely meets their own high standards.

Goal-setting theory has influenced not only classrooms but also workplaces around the world. (A) Many companies now train managers to set specific quarterly targets rather than simply asking employees to 'do their best.' (B) As a result, employees often report clearer priorities and a stronger sense of accomplishment. (C) These targets typically include measurable numbers, such as sales figures or project deadlines.

Ego depletion theory has sparked considerable debate among psychologists studying self-control. (A) One well-known experiment asked participants to resist eating fresh cookies while a bowl of radishes sat nearby, and these participants later gave up more quickly on a difficult puzzle. (B) The theory originally proposed that resisting temptation consumes a limited mental resource, leaving less energy available for subsequent tasks. (C) Researchers interpreted this result as evidence that resisting the cookies had drained the mental resource needed to persist on the puzzle.

주어진 문장: Some researchers even suggest that painting rooftops white could further help reflect sunlight away from buildings. On a summer evening, downtown streets often feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. ( ① ) This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. ( ② ) Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly radiate it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. ( ③ ) Tall buildings packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. ( ④ ) In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: That plan, however, took an unexpected turn during his final year of university. Jiho had always assumed he would join a large corporation after graduation, just as his parents expected. ( ① ) He joined a small student team building an app that connected local farmers directly with restaurants. ( ② ) What started as a class project gradually turned into something more serious, as several restaurants began placing regular orders through their prototype. ( ③ ) Jiho and his teammates decided to delay job applications and instead spend a year developing the idea, despite warnings from relatives who considered the plan too risky. ( ④ ) They worked from a cramped apartment, surviving on limited savings while learning skills ranging from coding to negotiating with suppliers. ( ⑤ ) After nearly failing twice, the team secured a small investment that allowed them to hire their first employee.

주어진 문장: Because the timer makes each interval visible and concrete, students often feel a stronger sense of urgency during each session. Among strategies for improving concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely recommended methods for students and workers. ( ① ) This technique involves working with full attention for twenty-five minutes, then taking a short five-minute break before starting the next session. ( ② ) After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes is usually taken to allow mental recovery. ( ③ ) The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental fatigue from building up. ( ④ ) Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more manageable. ( ⑤ ) Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes less tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment than beginning an entire project.