영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Sleep debt refers to the cumulative gap between the amount of sleep a person needs and the amount they actually get. Unlike a financial debt, however, this deficit cannot simply ① be repaid with a single long weekend of rest. When someone loses two hours of sleep every night for a week, the body does not treat the shortage as fourteen separate small losses; instead, it accumulates the deficit, and the resulting impairment in attention and mood can resemble that of a person ② who has been awake for an entire night. Researchers have found that even modest, chronic sleep restriction gradually impairs reaction time and decision-making, often without the affected person ③ noticing the decline. This is because subjective feelings of tiredness tend to plateau after a few days, even as objective performance keeps ④ deteriorate. Consequently, people frequently underestimate how much sleep debt they are carrying until a demanding task suddenly ⑤ exposes the accumulated cost.

A short nap taken in the early afternoon, often called a power nap, can noticeably sharpen attention and mood without ① leaving a person groggy afterward. The key lies in timing: naps limited to roughly twenty minutes allow the brain ② to pass through the lightest stages of sleep while avoiding the deeper stages associated with slow-wave activity. If a nap extends much beyond that window, the sleeper risks ③ waking during deep sleep, which produces a foggy, disoriented feeling known as sleep inertia that can persist for thirty minutes or more. Laboratory studies ④ comparing napping and non-napping groups have repeatedly shown that a brief nap improves reaction time and short-term memory almost as effectively as a full night of extra rest. Interestingly, the benefit appears strongest when the nap occurs several hours after waking, since this is when the body's natural dip in alertness makes rest most ⑤ effectively.

When Mina was a freshman, she often spent her allowance within a few days. Her older cousin told her about the marshmallow experiment, a famous study in which children could eat one marshmallow ①immediately or wait for two. Researchers found that children who waited ②longer showed better academic performance and self-control years later. This ability to ③resist an immediate reward in favor of a larger future one is known as delayed gratification. Inspired by the study, Mina began saving half of her allowance each week instead of spending it all on snacks. At first, resisting small purchases felt surprisingly ④easy, especially when her friends were eating out. After three months, however, she had ⑤saved enough to buy a bicycle she had wanted for over a year.

Smart speakers have quietly become a fixture in many households, responding to spoken requests for weather updates, music, or kitchen timers. Behind this ① simple exchange lies a complex process: the device converts sound waves into text, interprets the meaning using language models, and then generates a spoken reply, all within a second or two. Because these assistants ② improve by learning from millions of interactions, they gradually become better at recognizing regional accents and casual phrasing that once confused them. Still, the technology remains far from ③ perfect. Background noise, overlapping voices, or an unusual sentence structure can cause the assistant to misunderstand a simple request, sometimes with ④ flawless results. Engineers continue to refine these systems, but many admit that truly natural conversation remains one of the hardest ⑤ goals in the entire field of artificial intelligence.

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which _______________. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

When Mina graduated from college five years ago, she had never even heard the term "data scientist." Everything changed when a small tech startup, which was building an app to predict traffic patterns, hired her to analyze massive amounts of data. Mina quickly discovered that she loved turning raw numbers into insights that helped real people make better decisions. Within two years, ___________, as companies in every industry realized how valuable data could be. Today, Mina leads a team of ten analysts, mentoring young graduates who are drawn to a field that barely existed when she began her own career.

Mira grew up in a small village where fishing and farming had sustained her family for generations. (A) International organizations, however, still struggle to agree on how to protect people like her, since climate migrants are not officially recognized as refugees under current law. (B) Mira missed her old house terribly, yet she slowly began to build a new life in the crowded city, learning to adapt just as her ancestors once had. (C) When the sea finally swallowed the rice paddies that had fed her village for generations, her parents decided that staying was no longer possible. Together with many neighbors, they packed what little they could carry and moved inland, becoming what experts now call climate migrants, people forced to abandon their homes because of rising seas, droughts, or other disasters. This term, rarely used a decade ago, has become increasingly common as extreme weather displaces communities worldwide.

주어진 문장: She had rehearsed exactly what she would say the moment their eyes finally met. Minji spent nearly every evening watching Jimin, an online creator who streamed cooking videos and chatted casually with her viewers. ( ① ) Over several months, Minji began to feel as though she truly knew Jimin, laughing at her jokes and worrying whenever she mentioned having a difficult week. ( ② ) Whenever Jimin responded to a comment, even a simple one, Minji felt a small thrill of connection, as if they were becoming closer friends. ( ③ ) One day, Minji excitedly waited outside a fan event, hoping that Jimin would recognize her from the countless messages she had sent. ( ④ ) However, Jimin greeted her the same way she greeted every other stranger in line, without any hint of personal recognition. ( ⑤ ) Standing there, Minji slowly realized that the bond she had imagined was entirely one-sided, existing only in her own mind. This type of connection, known as a parasocial relationship, can feel remarkably real despite never being mutual.

주어진 문장: This limitation means the technology has not yet fully replaced conventional factories. Three-dimensional printing technology is changing how products are designed and manufactured across many industries. ( ① ) Unlike traditional manufacturing, which often requires expensive molds and long production times, 3D printers can create complex objects directly from digital files within hours. ( ② ) This flexibility allows companies to produce small batches of customized products without the massive costs typically associated with mass production. ( ③ ) Hospitals now use 3D printing to create prosthetic limbs tailored precisely to individual patients, while automakers use it to build lightweight parts. ( ④ ) However, experts caution that 3D printing still struggles to match the speed of mass production for extremely large orders. ( ⑤ ) As printing materials improve and machines become faster, the technology is expected to play an increasingly central role in future manufacturing.

주어진 문장: Not every transaction goes smoothly, however, since photographs and descriptions cannot always capture an item's true condition. Secondhand trading platforms, once considered a niche market for used goods, have grown into a mainstream part of consumer culture. ( ① ) Rising prices for new products, combined with growing awareness of environmental waste, have encouraged many shoppers to consider used items before purchasing something brand new. ( ② ) These platforms allow individuals to sell clothing, electronics, and furniture directly to other consumers, cutting out traditional retail markups entirely. ( ③ ) For younger buyers especially, purchasing secondhand items has become associated with resourcefulness rather than financial necessity. ( ④ ) Sellers benefit as well, earning extra income from items that would otherwise sit unused in storage. ( ⑤ ) To address this problem, many platforms now offer buyer protection programs and detailed rating systems for sellers.