영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Even a modest level of dehydration, as little as two percent of body weight ① lost through sweat, can measurably reduce an athlete's endurance and cognitive sharpness during competition. As fluid levels drop, blood volume decreases, ② forcing the heart to work harder to deliver the same amount of oxygen to working muscles, which accelerates fatigue. Dehydration also impairs the body's ability ③ to regulate its own temperature, since sweating is the primary mechanism for releasing excess heat during intense exercise. Athletes competing in hot, humid conditions face a particularly difficult balance, because sweating heavily to stay cool simultaneously ④ depletes the very fluids needed to sustain performance. For this reason, sports scientists generally recommend a hydration strategy ⑤ tailoring to an individual athlete's sweat rate and the specific conditions of the event.

Whenever people discuss the future of reading, one debate never ① seem to end: e-books or paper books? Supporters of e-books point out that a single device can hold thousands of titles, which ② makes traveling with a full library incredibly light. Readers can also change the font size, look up a word instantly, and carry their entire collection in one bag. Fans of paper books, however, argue that something important ③ is lost on a screen. Many readers say they remember a paper book's plot more clearly, perhaps because they recall where a scene ④ appeared on the page. Screens also invite distraction, since a single notification can pull a reader away from the story in seconds. Interestingly, several recent surveys suggest that most young readers do not choose one format forever. Instead, they switch between paper and digital depending on the situation, ⑤ treating the debate less as a contest and more as a matter of convenience.

When people encounter an individual ①who appears to memorize enormous quantities of specialized information effortlessly, they often assume that person possesses an innate gift. Cognitive psychologists, however, contend that such feats rarely stem from raw talent alone. Instead, such feats arise from a learned skill known as chunking, ②whereby scattered pieces of information are consolidated into larger, meaningful units. A landmark study of chess players demonstrated this principle. When shown a board arranged according to plausible game positions, grandmasters ③reproduced the layout perfect. Yet when the same pieces were scattered randomly, their performance collapsed to the level of novices. This pattern reveals that expert memory is not larger in raw capacity but is instead organized around patterns ④accumulated through years of deliberate practice. If chunking, rather than innate aptitude, underlies expert performance, then educators should stop treating talent as fixed and destiny-bound. Curricula ought to be redesigned to cultivate pattern recognition explicitly, ⑤since doing so would grant far more students access to expertise once presumed reserved for the naturally gifted.

Economists have long debated whether prosperity and environmental quality are fundamentally opposed, or whether the relationship between them ①changes shape as an economy matures. The Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis ②borrowed from earlier theories of income inequality, proposes that pollution initially rises alongside economic growth before eventually declining once a society crosses a certain threshold of wealth. In its early stages, industrializing nations prioritize output over conservation, ③treats clean air and water as expendable costs of development to be addressed later. Beyond a certain point, however, rising incomes generate both the technological capacity and the political will ④to demand stricter regulation, so degradation begins to reverse even as production keeps expanding. Some scholars regard this trajectory as a reassuring paradox, suggesting that the very growth ⑤blamed for ecological harm may eventually finance its own repair. Critics, by contrast, argue that the curve rests on a narrow selection of pollutants that happen to decline with wealth, while ignoring greenhouse gases and resource depletion, which show no comparable tendency to fall.

Change blindness refers to a striking limitation of human perception in which observers fail to notice substantial ① alterations to a visual scene, provided the change occurs during a brief disruption such as an eye movement or a momentary obstruction. In a now-famous demonstration, researchers showed participants two versions of a photograph in alternation ②, separated by a short blank screen, and asked them to identify what had changed. Even when an entire building disappeared or a person's clothing shifted color, many viewers stared at the picture without detecting anything unusual ③. This phenomenon occurs because visual attention, rather than passively recording every detail like a camera, actively selects only a narrow ④ subset of information for processing at any given moment. Whatever falls outside that narrow spotlight is represented only sparsely, if at all, leaving it vulnerable to being overwritten without notice. Consequently, change blindness demonstrates that our impression of a rich, complete visual world is, to a surprising extent, an illusion constructed by the mind, not an unreliable ⑤ record of external reality.

Accidents rarely wait for a doctor to be nearby, which is why basic first aid knowledge can make a ① critical difference in the first few minutes after an injury occurs. Many students assume that only professionals should touch an injured person, fearing that any mistake might make things worse. In reality, a few simple actions, such as applying ② steady pressure to a bleeding wound or keeping an unconscious person's airway clear, can prevent a minor injury from becoming a life-threatening one. Waiting passively for an ambulance, rather than doing anything at all, is often the more ③ dangerous choice, since every minute without basic care allows a treatable injury to worsen. Of course, first aid is never a ④ substitute for professional medical treatment, and it should never replace an emergency call. Even so, schools that offer first aid training report that students respond far more ⑤ nervously and effectively during real emergencies.

Before a large-scale construction project such as a highway or dam receives government approval, planners in many countries are required to conduct an environmental impact assessment, a formal process designed to ①predict and evaluate the ecological consequences of a proposed development. This process begins with a baseline survey, in which specialists document ②existing conditions, including wildlife, water quality, and air composition, so that future changes can be measured against a reference point. Analysts then model how the project might alter these conditions, drawing on data from ③comparable developments. For instance, a proposed highway that would bisect a forest might be evaluated for its potential to fragment habitats, disrupting migration routes on which certain species depend. If the assessment identifies ④acceptable risks, planners may be required to redesign the project or adopt mitigation measures such as wildlife corridors. Critics contend, however, that assessments are sometimes treated as a bureaucratic formality rather than a ⑤genuine constraint, since developers who commission the studies retain strong influence over how the findings are interpreted.

Stairs seem too ordinary to be dangerous, which is why many people treat them carelessly, texting, carrying an armful of books, or skipping two steps at a time. (A) Familiarity encourages a kind of autopilot mode, in which a person stops looking at each step and instead relies on memory of where the stairs should be. (B) Safety officials recommend a few unglamorous habits: keep one hand free, use the handrail, and turn on the light before stepping onto a dark staircase. (C) Emergency room records tell a different story: falls on stairways send more people to the hospital each year than almost any other household accident.

In a classic experiment inspired by Keynes's beauty contest analogy, participants choose a number between zero and one hundred, and the winner is whoever selects the number closest to two-thirds of the average of all guesses submitted. (A) In practice, however, actual guesses rarely converge on zero; most participants stop reasoning after a round or two of imagining what others might guess, producing average guesses that cluster between twenty and thirty-five. (B) A perfectly rational player, assuming every other participant reasons with unlimited depth, would conclude the equilibrium number is zero, since reasoning about others' reasoning collapses the average toward that single point. (C) This gap between theoretical equilibrium and observed behavior reveals that human reasoning is bounded, and economists use this simple game as a diagnostic tool for measuring the depth of that reasoning.

Every semester, students groan when the fire alarm rings for another routine drill, filing out of the building as if the exercise were simply a break from class. (A) During an actual fire, thick smoke can fill hallways within minutes, cutting visibility to almost nothing and making it dangerously easy to panic or take a wrong turn. (B) This casual attitude, however, overlooks why the drill exists in the first place. (C) Repeating the same evacuation route again and again trains the body to move automatically, even when the mind is too frightened to think clearly.