영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

To compensate for their carbon emissions, many individuals and companies now ①purchases carbon offsets, financial credits that fund projects such as planting trees or building renewable energy plants. The idea is appealing: paying for an equivalent amount of carbon to be absorbed elsewhere should cancel out the harm caused by activities like flying. However, critics argue that this system often ②functions as a convenient excuse for postponing genuine emission cuts rather than achieving them. For example, a newly planted forest may take decades to absorb the promised carbon, and it could later ③burn down or be cut, erasing any benefit. Moreover, some offset projects would have happened anyway, meaning the credits fund nothing truly ④additional. Therefore, relying heavily on offsets allows businesses ⑤to maintain harmful practices while appearing responsible.

Every day, we leave behind marks of the gases ①that warm our planet, much like footprints left in wet sand. These marks, ②often called our carbon footprint, come from small choices such as driving, eating, and using electricity. Many students think that only large factories create these marks, but ordinary habits at home also matter greatly. For example, turning off lights ③when leaving a room reduces the energy that power plants must produce. Walking or biking to school instead of riding in a car also lowers the amount of gas ④releasing into the air. In contrast, leaving devices plugged in all night quietly increases our footprint without our notice. Therefore, students ⑤who practice these simple habits regularly can shrink their footprint significantly.

Economists have long debated whether prosperity and environmental quality are fundamentally ①opposed, or whether the relationship between them changes shape as an economy matures. The Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis borrowed from earlier theories of income inequality, proposes that pollution initially ②rises alongside economic growth before eventually declining once a society crosses a certain threshold of wealth. In its early stages, industrializing nations ③prioritize output over conservation, treating clean air and water as expendable costs of development to be addressed later. Beyond a certain point, however, rising incomes generate both the technological capacity and the political will to demand ④more lenient regulation, so degradation begins to reverse even as production keeps expanding. Some scholars regard this trajectory as a ⑤reassuring paradox, suggesting that the very growth blamed for ecological harm may eventually finance its own repair. Critics, by contrast, argue that the curve rests on a narrow selection of pollutants that happen to decline with wealth, while ignoring greenhouse gases and resource depletion, which show no comparable tendency to fall.

Cities are frequently several degrees warmer than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect, which intensifies in summer and threatens public health. This disparity arises largely because asphalt and concrete absorb solar radiation during the day and slowly release it as heat throughout the night, preventing urban areas from cooling down. Furthermore, the scarcity of vegetation in densely built areas removes a natural cooling mechanism, since plants lower temperatures by evaporating water from their leaves. To address this problem, urban planners _______________. One widely used solution involves reflective "cool" roofing engineered to reflect more sunlight than dark rooftops absorb. Another strategy, green infrastructure, incorporates rooftop gardens and tree-lined streets that provide shade while releasing moisture. In contrast, some cities have pursued permeable pavements that let water seep through and evaporate, cooling nearby surfaces. Collectively, these strategies show that reducing urban heat depends on combining approaches suited to a city's geography.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Water looks endless when it flows from the tap every morning. However, clean water is actually a limited resource that we must protect carefully. Many families waste water without even noticing it in their daily routine. For example, leaving the tap running while brushing your teeth can waste several liters of water. In contrast, turning off the tap during that time saves a surprising amount of water each day. Taking a shorter shower is another easy habit that reduces water use significantly. Fixing a leaking faucet, which many people ignore, can also save hundreds of liters every month. Saving water is like keeping money in a savings account for the future. Therefore, small changes in our daily habits, practiced by every family, can protect this precious resource. _______________.

Software development teams are especially known for missing their own deadlines by wide margins. (A) A team asked to estimate a new project usually imagines everything proceeding smoothly, without bugs, meetings, or unexpected requests. (B) To avoid repeating this mistake, some teams now review how long their last three similar projects actually took before setting a new deadline. (C) Because this imagined version rarely matches reality, the original deadline is missed almost every time, often by weeks or months.

Turning off lights when you leave a room seems like a tiny action, but it saves more energy than most people expect. (A) However, when an entire school forms this habit together, the total amount of saved energy becomes significant. Therefore, this small daily habit can create a surprisingly large positive effect for the whole planet. (B) Every light left on in an empty room wastes electricity that could have powered something useful elsewhere. For example, a single classroom light left on overnight can waste enough energy to charge dozens of phones. (C) This habit is similar to leaving a faucet running while you brush your teeth, where water flows out for no reason. Both actions seem harmless in the moment, but they add up to a serious waste over time. Some students argue that a single light does not make much difference.

This helps every club know exactly when the room is free for their use. The student council reminds all club members about the rules for using the club activity room. First, every club must sign up for a time slot on the reservation sheet. ( ① ) Members should arrive on time and leave the room within ten minutes after their activity ends. ( ② ) Because several clubs share the same space, food and drinks are not allowed inside the room. ( ③ ) Members must also return chairs and tables to their original positions before leaving. If equipment is broken or missing, the club leader should report it to the teacher. ( ④ ) Clubs that ignore these rules may lose their reservation for the following month. Please also remember to turn off the lights and lock the door carefully. ( ⑤ ) These simple habits will keep the room clean and available for everyone.

주어진 문장: In other words, the item keeps its basic shape but serves a completely different purpose. Have you ever thrown away an old pair of jeans simply because they no longer fit? ① Instead of discarding them, many people now turn old items into something new and useful. This creative process, called upcycling, transforms unwanted objects into products with greater value than before. ② For example, a worn pair of jeans can be cut and sewn into a sturdy bag or a small pouch. Old wooden pallets, once used for shipping, are often rebuilt into simple furniture such as tables and shelves. ③ However, upcycling differs from ordinary recycling, which usually breaks materials down before making something new. In upcycling, the original material keeps most of its form while gaining a fresh purpose. ④ Therefore, choosing to upcycle rather than throw items away can reduce waste significantly. ⑤ This small shift in thinking allows old objects to enjoy a meaningful second life.