영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Individuals rarely evaluate their own lives in ①isolation; instead, they measure their achievements, possessions, and status against a reference group, a set of people they use as a standard for comparison. A struggling artist may judge success not against neighbors but against celebrated painters in art history, a comparison that can inspire ambition or, just as easily, ②breed persistent dissatisfaction. Sociologists distinguish between normative reference groups, which shape a person's values and behavior, and comparative reference groups, which merely provide a ③benchmark for self-assessment. Robert Merton showed that soldiers who compared their promotion chances to peers within their own slow-moving unit often felt more satisfied than soldiers in units with faster promotion rates, because the latter could see colleagues advancing while they themselves ④surpassed them. This counterintuitive finding demonstrates that satisfaction depends less on objective circumstances than on the group against which those circumstances are ⑤measured.

Many readers assume that once they finish a book, there is ①no reason to open it again. Yet teachers who study reading often disagree, arguing that a second reading can ②reveal details a first reading misses completely. During a first reading, most of a student's attention goes toward simply following the plot, wondering what will happen next. Once the ending is already known, a second reading frees the mind to notice ③smaller things, such as a clever hint the author placed early in the story or a change in a character's tone. Some students who reread their favorite novel report that it feels almost like reading the ④same book, because they now understand the characters' motives more deeply. Teachers therefore encourage students not to rush toward new titles alone, but to occasionally return to a book they already loved, since a second visit often teaches ⑤more than the first.

Safety signs surround us so constantly that most people stop ①consciously reading them soon after learning to drive. This is precisely the outcome that sign designers hope to avoid, since a sign that requires careful thought to interpret in an emergency has already ②succeeded at its purpose. Colors and shapes are chosen deliberately rather than randomly: red almost universally signals danger or prohibition, yellow signals ③caution, and green marks safety, a system consistent enough that a traveler in an unfamiliar country can often guess a sign's meaning without reading a word. Symbols replace text wherever possible for the same reason, allowing a running figure or a flame icon to communicate ④instantly to someone who may not speak the local language. Ignoring a familiar sign because it has become part of the background remains one of the most common and ⑤preventable causes of accidents in public spaces.

Traditional industrial systems have relied on a linear model of production, in which raw materials are extracted, transformed into goods, and eventually discarded as waste. This approach treats natural resources as if ①unlimited and disposal as if costless. A circular economy proposes an alternative framework in which materials are kept in continuous use through reuse, repair, and recycling, thereby ②reducing the extraction of virgin resources. Central to this model is the notion that waste, rather than being an inevitable byproduct, can be redesigned as a resource for another process, much as fallen leaves nourish the trees that shed them. For example, manufacturers design products so that components can be disassembled and reused in new items once their original function ends. Some companies also lease equipment instead of selling it outright, retaining responsibility for refurbishment. Because such practices lessen dependence on finite raw materials, they ③increase the environmental damage caused by mining. Consequently, the circular economy is increasingly regarded as a ④viable economic strategy that ⑤conserves resources for future generations.

Physical education class often feels like the one period of the day when students can finally move freely, which sometimes leads them to skip the warm-up routine that teachers insist on before any real activity begins. Cold muscles, however, are noticeably less flexible than warmed ones, and _______________. Coaches often compare an unwarmed muscle to a cold rubber band that snaps rather than stretches under sudden pressure.

Anyone who has ever promised to finish a project "by Friday," only to still be working on it weeks later, has experienced the planning fallacy firsthand. (A) One proposed remedy, known as reference class forecasting, requires planners to deliberately consult outcomes from comparable past projects rather than relying solely on their own optimistic intuition. Until such external correction becomes standard practice, ambitious deadlines will likely continue to be broken with remarkable consistency. (B) This term describes the persistent tendency of individuals and organizations to underestimate how long a task will take, how much it will cost, and how many complications will inevitably arise. (C) What makes this bias particularly stubborn is that awareness of past failures rarely leads to more accurate predictions; a construction firm that finished its last three projects late will often insist, with genuine confidence, that this next project will be different. Researchers argue that planners focus almost exclusively on the specific steps of the current task while ignoring the broader statistical record of similar projects that came before.

Suppose a mad scientist removed a living brain from its body and placed it in a vat of nutrient fluid, connecting its neurons to a supercomputer capable of generating perfectly realistic sensations. (A) This scenario, unsettling as it sounds, raises a genuinely difficult question for anyone confident in their own perception: how could a person ever prove that they are not that very brain right now? (B) The brain would experience a full and convincing world, complete with a sky, a body, and other people, without ever suspecting that none of it existed outside the simulation. (C) Ordinary evidence cannot help, since any proof gathered through the senses would itself be generated by the same simulation being tested.

주어진 문장: The two images were otherwise identical in every respect, differing only in the single altered detail. Change blindness refers to a striking limitation of human perception in which observers fail to notice substantial alterations to a visual scene, provided the change occurs during a brief disruption such as an eye movement or a momentary obstruction. ( ① ) In a now-famous demonstration, researchers showed participants two versions of a photograph in alternation, separated by a short blank screen, and asked them to identify what had changed. ( ② ) Even when an entire building disappeared or a person's clothing shifted color, many viewers stared at the picture without detecting anything unusual. ( ③ ) This phenomenon occurs because visual attention, rather than passively recording every detail like a camera, actively selects only a narrow subset of information for processing at any given moment. ( ④ ) Whatever falls outside that narrow spotlight is represented only sparsely, if at all, leaving it vulnerable to being overwritten without notice. ( ⑤ ) Consequently, change blindness demonstrates that our impression of a rich, complete visual world is, to a surprising extent, an illusion constructed by the mind, not a faithful record of external reality.

No two students in the class were given exactly the same situation to design for. In our elective fashion design class, the first assignment was not to sketch a beautiful outfit but to design clothing for a specific, unusual situation, such as a rainy commute or a wheelchair user's daily routine. ( ① ) I initially found the assignment strange, since I had imagined fashion design as primarily about appearance rather than practical problem-solving. ( ② ) Researching my chosen situation, a delivery worker who bikes through the city in all weather, changed how I approached the project entirely. ( ③ ) I realized that pockets needed to be reachable while cycling, that bright colors could improve visibility to drivers at night, and that waterproof fabric mattered more than any decorative detail I had originally planned. ( ④ ) My final design looked far simpler than the elaborate sketches some classmates produced, yet our teacher praised it precisely because every choice solved a real problem the wearer would actually face. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: Her plan, however sincere at the time, quietly dissolves the moment a more immediate temptation appears. Consider a student who genuinely intends to study for tomorrow's exam yet, when the evening actually arrives, chooses to watch another episode of a favorite show instead, promising herself she will surely study harder next week. ( ① ) This pattern, in which the pull of an immediate pleasure overwhelms the value of a distant benefit, appears again and again across ordinary life, from postponed exercise to delayed savings. ( ② ) People do not necessarily fail to understand that the future reward matters more; rather, whatever happens right now simply feels disproportionately more urgent and vivid than anything scheduled for later. ( ③ ) Behavioral economists note that this preference weakens considerably once both options are pushed into the future, which is why planning a diet starting next month feels effortless compared with skipping dessert tonight. ( ④ ) Such inconsistency helps explain why gym memberships go unused and retirement accounts remain underfunded, despite people's stated intentions. ( ⑤ ) Recognizing this pull toward the present, therefore, allows individuals and institutions to design commitments that quietly protect long-term goals from short-term temptation.