영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Time travel to the past has long fascinated physicists and philosophers alike, but it also ①generates a famously troubling contradiction. Suppose a traveler journeyed backward in time and, through some combination of accident and intention, ②prevented their own grandfather from ever meeting their grandmother. If the grandfather never had children, the traveler themselves would never have been born, which means the traveler could never ③existed to make the trip in the first place. Yet if the traveler never made the trip, the grandfather would have survived to meet the grandmother after all, ④allowing the traveler to be born and eventually travel back in time. The story therefore loops endlessly, undermining itself at every turn rather than ⑤settling into any stable outcome.

Biodegradable plastics have been promoted as a promising solution to plastic waste, since they ①are designed to decompose into natural substances rather than persist for centuries. Manufacturers derive these materials from renewable resources such as corn starch, blending them with additives that ②accelerates microbial breakdown once discarded. However, their environmental benefits are often exaggerated, largely because decomposition depends on specific conditions rarely ③found outside industrial composting facilities. For example, a bag labeled biodegradable may take years, not the weeks advertised, to break down in a landfill or ocean, where temperature and microbial activity remain low. In addition, when mixed with conventional plastics in recycling streams, they can contaminate the process, ④weakening the quality of materials produced afterward. Some engineers therefore compare biodegradable plastics to a bridge that leads nowhere unless paired with infrastructure that completes the journey. Ultimately, realizing their genuine potential requires not only technological refinement but also facilities capable of ⑤providing the precise conditions decomposition demands.

Riding a bicycle is one of the most popular ways for teenagers ①to get around, yet many students still skip the one piece of equipment that could save their life: the helmet. Some argue that a short trip to a nearby store does not require any special protection, since the risk of a serious accident ②feels distant and unlikely. However, most bicycle accidents happen close to home, on familiar streets where riders feel too comfortable ③expecting danger. A sudden pothole, a car door ④opening without warning, or a patch of gravel can throw even an experienced cyclist off balance in an instant. Wearing a helmet does not prevent a fall, but it dramatically reduces the chance of a serious head injury ⑤when one occurs.

Economists have long debated whether prosperity and environmental quality are fundamentally opposed, or whether the relationship between them changes shape as an economy matures. The Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis borrowed from earlier theories of income inequality, proposes that _______________. In its early stages, industrializing nations prioritize output over conservation, treating clean air and water as expendable costs of development to be addressed later. Beyond a certain point, however, rising incomes generate both the technological capacity and the political will to demand stricter regulation, so degradation begins to reverse even as production keeps expanding. Some scholars regard this trajectory as a reassuring paradox, suggesting that the very growth blamed for ecological harm may eventually finance its own repair. Critics, by contrast, argue that the curve rests on a narrow selection of pollutants that happen to decline with wealth, while ignoring greenhouse gases and resource depletion, which show no comparable tendency to fall.

For many students, the walk to school feels so routine that safety becomes an afterthought, yet a surprising number of accidents occur within a few blocks of the school gate. Part of the danger comes from convenience: _______________. This shortcut becomes especially risky during the darker months, when a driver's ability to spot a pedestrian drops sharply well before sunrise or after sunset.

Most students only see the final result, a few smooth minutes each morning. Behind that short program, however, broadcasting club members follow a busy daily routine. (A) At exactly eight o'clock, the red light turns on, and the live broadcast begins. During class hours, however, most members return to their regular classroom lessons like everyone else. (B) Members arrive at school thirty minutes earlier than other students to prepare the studio. They check the microphones, the cameras, and the lighting before anyone else arrives. Meanwhile, the script team finalizes the news script that was written the night before. Once everything is ready, the anchors practice their lines one last time. (C) After school, the club meets again to review that morning's recording and discuss any mistakes. Through this daily routine, members slowly learn skills such as teamwork and quick thinking under pressure.

Extended producer responsibility, a policy requiring manufacturers to bear responsibility for their products even after use, has been adopted by governments seeking to reduce landfill waste. (A) Critics counter that the policy, whatever its theoretical merits, often fails to reduce waste meaningfully unless paired with rigorous enforcement and transparent reporting requirements. For instance, some manufacturers merely pass the added cost of compliance on to consumers, without making substantive changes to how products are designed. (B) Under such schemes, companies must finance the collection and recycling of goods once consumers discard them, rather than leaving municipalities to absorb the cost. Advocates maintain that shifting this burden onto producers creates a powerful incentive to design products that are more durable, easily disassembled, and readily recyclable from the outset. (C) In contrast, jurisdictions that combine producer responsibility with strict eco-design standards and independent audits tend to witness genuine improvements in recyclability. Therefore, policymakers hoping to harness this approach must resist treating it as self-executing and instead invest in oversight that determines whether producers actually change behavior.

Before a single line of dialogue is written for many animated shows, a character designer has already spent weeks deciding how that character should look, move, and be recognized at a glance. (A) Small choices, she added, carry surprising weight: rounded shapes tend to feel friendly and safe, while sharp angles suggest danger or power, even to viewers who have never studied design. (B) A visiting illustrator who spoke at our school explained that a truly successful design should be identifiable even as a plain black silhouette, since audiences often notice a character's outline before they notice any facial detail. (C) She showed us early sketches of a now-famous cartoon hero, in which the same personality had been tested through dozens of different body shapes, from short and round to tall and angular, before the final version was chosen.

주어진 문장: Two competing technologies have historically vied for dominance in this field: thermal distillation, which relies on evaporation, and membrane-based filtration, which separates salt without boiling the water. Desalination, the process of removing dissolved salts from seawater to produce fresh water, has increasingly been adopted by coastal regions facing chronic water scarcity. ① Most modern facilities rely on reverse osmosis, a technique in which seawater is forced through membranes whose microscopic pores block salt while letting water molecules pass. ② Because this method consumes far less energy than the thermal distillation once dominant in the industry, it has become the preferred choice for large-scale plants. ③ Nevertheless, desalination remains an inherently costly and environmentally burdensome solution, a fact often overlooked amid enthusiasm for ending water shortages. ④ For instance, the process generates a concentrated byproduct called brine, which, when discharged without adequate dilution, can raise local salinity to levels that harm marine life. ⑤ Pumping seawater through membranes at high pressure also demands substantial electricity, so plants powered by fossil fuels can worsen the emissions that intensify drought. Therefore, engineers increasingly argue that desalination should be treated not as a stand-alone remedy but as one component of a broader conservation strategy. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

Watching him, it occurred to me that my comics might serve exactly the same quiet purpose. Whenever someone learns that I spend hours drawing comics that almost nobody else ever sees, they usually ask why I bother, since the work will never be published or praised by a large audience. ( ① ) For a long time, I struggled to answer that question honestly, assuming that art only counted as worthwhile once other people recognized it. ( ② ) Watching my younger brother build enormous, pointless block towers purely for the joy of knocking them down, though, helped me understand something I had been missing. ( ③ ) He never once asked whether his tower was good; he simply needed to build the version of it that existed in his head before he could feel satisfied. ( ④ ) Creating something, I now believe, often serves the creator first, giving shape to a feeling or idea that would otherwise stay vague and unexpressed. ( ⑤ ) Whether or not anyone else ever sees the result, that private act of shaping an idea into something real still seems to matter enormously.