영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Individuals rarely evaluate their own lives in isolation; instead, they measure their achievements, possessions, and status against a reference group, a set of people they use as a standard for comparison. This group ①need not be one to which a person actually belongs. A struggling artist may judge success not against neighbors but against celebrated painters in art history, a comparison ②that can inspire ambition or, just as easily, breed persistent dissatisfaction. Sociologists distinguish between normative reference groups, which shape a person's values and behavior, and comparative reference groups, ③which merely provide a benchmark for self-assessment. Robert Merton showed that soldiers who compared their promotion chances to peers within their own slow-moving unit often felt more satisfied than soldiers in units with faster promotion rates, because the latter could see colleagues ④advance while they themselves ⑤lagging behind.

On a summer evening, downtown streets often ①feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly ②radiates it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings ③packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally ④stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, ⑤hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

Dear residents, we are writing to explain how ①to separate food waste correctly in our building. Many people still throw food waste into the general trash, ②which causes bad smells. Therefore, this notice describes the exact steps you should follow every day. First, please use the special yellow bin near the parking lot for all food scraps. Fruit peels, vegetable ends, and leftover rice belong in this bin, not in a plastic bag. However, hard items such as eggshells and bones must go into the general trash instead. In addition, please drain excess liquid from your food waste before ③throwing it away. This simple habit, ④which only takes a few seconds, keeps the area clean and dry. For example, tea bags should never ⑤being placed in the food waste bin. Thank you for helping our neighborhood stay pleasant.

Last month, I ①attended a three-day career camp during summer vacation. The camp offered workshops in fields such as broadcasting, cooking, and environmental science. On the first day, I chose the broadcasting workshop, ②where students practiced writing short news scripts. It was harder than I expected, since staying calm while a camera ③recorded my every move felt strange at first. The instructors, who all had real broadcasting experience, gave detailed feedback rather than simple praise, ④that helped us improve quickly. On the final day, each team ⑤presented a short news segment to the entire camp.

As consumers become more aware of global social and environmental issues, many now expect companies to take responsibility beyond simply selling products. This expectation has given rise to ethical consumption, in which shoppers consider factors such as fair wages, humane treatment of animals, and environmental sustainability before making purchases. Companies that ignore these concerns risk public backlash, especially when unethical practices are exposed through investigative journalism or social media. Some corporations have responded by publishing detailed sustainability reports, though critics question whether these documents reflect genuine change or merely serve as public relations tools. Real accountability, according to many experts, requires independent verification rather than self-reported claims that cannot be easily checked. Ultimately, corporate responsibility should be treated as ___________.

Millions of people now wear devices that continuously track their heart rate, sleep patterns, and daily activity. Users generally assume this information belongs to them, since it is drawn directly from their own bodies. In practice, however, the terms of service that few people read often grant the manufacturer broad rights to store, analyze, and even sell anonymized versions of that data. Advocates for reform argue that biological data deserves a category of protection stronger than ordinary consumer information, precisely because _______________.

Loyalty programs have become a standard feature of modern retail strategy. (A) Critics counter that such programs often reward habit rather than genuine satisfaction with a product. (B) Supporters claim that points and rewards encourage customers to return again and again. (C) True loyalty, they argue, should be built through consistent quality rather than artificial incentives.

주어진 문장: In contrast, a cloth bag can be used again and again for many years. Attention, students and teachers! Our school is starting a new campaign called 'Bring Your Own Bag.' ① Starting next Monday, the school store will no longer offer free plastic bags to customers. ② Instead, we encourage everyone to bring a reusable shopping bag from home. ③ Plastic bags, which are made from petroleum, take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. ④ Therefore, using a reusable bag is a simple habit that protects sea animals and reduces pollution. ⑤ For example, students who bring their own bags will receive a small sticker as a reward. However, students who forget their bags may still purchase a paper bag for a small fee. We hope every student will join this easy and meaningful campaign. Thank you for helping our school become greener.

주어진 문장: Creating a convincing avatar, in other words, is far more complex than simply choosing a picture. The metaverse, a network of interconnected virtual worlds, has begun to generate job opportunities that did not exist just a few years ago. ( ① ) Companies now hire virtual world designers who build digital environments where users can socialize, shop, or attend events. Avatar designers create digital identities that represent users within these spaces, blending artistic skill with technical programming knowledge. ( ② ) Meanwhile, virtual event planners organize concerts, conferences, and product launches entirely within online platforms, reaching audiences that would be impossible to gather in person. ( ③ ) Some analysts remain skeptical, pointing out that the metaverse has not yet attracted the massive user base that early predictions promised. ( ④ ) Nevertheless, major companies continue investing heavily in this technology. ( ⑤ ) For students considering future careers, gaining skills in three-dimensional design and coding may prove valuable.

주어진 문장: This reason feels comfortable at first, especially in a new school. Choosing the right club can shape how a student feels about school life. Many first-graders join a club simply because their friends are joining it. ① However, experts suggest that personal interest should always come before friendship. A club that matches your interest keeps you motivated during a busy exam period. ② It also helps to think about how much time each club actually requires. Some clubs meet only once a week, while others practice almost every day. ③ Skill level matters too, since a few clubs accept only experienced students. For this reason, most schools allow a short trial period before a final decision. ④ During this period, new members can attend meetings without officially signing up. ⑤ In the end, a good club should feel like a comfortable break from academic pressure.